|
(ies kflm ivwc Auh
jfxkfrI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI jFdI hY, ijhVI muwK Dfrf dy mIzIey ivwc nhIN
imldI jF hfsLIey AuWpr Dwk idwqI jFdI hY.)
amrIkf qoN sLurU ho ky ivsLv pwDr qwk PYl gey jF PYl rhy ivwqI sMkt dI
crcf awjkwlH hr pfsy hY. vwK vwK ivwqI adfiraF dy PylH hox, vwK vwK
snaqI KyqrF dy suMgVn, keI qrHF dy “BukfinaF” dI PUk inklx aqy lwKF dI
igxqI ivwc nIly aqy icwty kflrF vfly mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dIaF nOkrIaF
Kuwsx dIaF KbrF nfl mIzIaf Biraf hoieaf hY. iehnF KbrF dy nfl nfl amrIkf
aqy dunIaF Br dy snaqI dysLF dIaF srkfrF vloN afriQkqf nMU TuMmxf dyx
leI afpxI afpxI pwDr AuWqy vwzy Coty “sitwmUls pYkj” aYlfny jf rhy hn.
ies ivwqI sMkt dy kfrnF bfry vI keI qrHF dy ivsLlysLx sfhmxy af rhy hn.
muwK qOr AuWqy muwK Dfrf dy arQsLfsqrIaF vloN ies sMkt dy jo kfrn dwsy
jf rhy hn AuhnF ivwc sLfml hn: ivwqI pRbMD nfl sMbMDq kfnUMnF aqy
rYgUlysLnF df kmjLor hoxf, amrIkf dy kyNdrI bYNk vloN 2000 dy stfk krYsL
nUM TuMmxf dyx leI ivafjL dIaF drF GtfAux dy nqIjy vjoN amrIkf ivwc GrF
dI “snaq dy Bukfny” df Puwlxf sLurU hoxf, bYNkF aqy ivqI adfiraF vloN
vwzI igxqI ivwc ssqIaF aqy bdlvIaF drF (azjstybl rytF) AuWqy “sb-prfeIm”
mfrgyjF dyxf aqy vwzI igxqI ivwc lokF vloN aijhIaF mfrgyjF lYxf ijhVIaF
AuhnF leI adf krnIaF musLiklF sn. iPr jdoN amrIkf dy GrF dI snaq dy
Bukfny ivwcoN PUk inkl geI qF amrIkf dy ivqI pRbMD ivwcoN vI PUk inkl
geI jo mOjUdf ivwqI sMkt df kfrn bxI. pr muwK Dfrf qoN bfhrly
arQsLfsqrIaF, Kfs krky mfrksvfdI arQsSfsqrIaF, df dfavf hY ik iehnF
sfrIaF gwlF ny mOjUdf ivwqI sMkt nUM sLurU krn ivwc rol qF jLrUr adf
kIqf pr ieh ies sMkt df asl kfrn nhIN hn. ieh gwlF bImfrI dy lwCx qF hn
pr asl bImfrI dI jVH nhIN. AuhnF anusfr ies sMkt dI asl jVH srmfeydfrI
pRbMD hY. ies pRbMD aDIn srmfey nUM iekwqr krn df aml ijs qrHF kMm krdf
hY, Auh ZMg ies pRbMD ivwc loVoN vwD Auqpfdn pYdf krn (EvrpRozksLn), afm
Kpq nUM dbfAux aqy snaq dI Auqpfdk Xogqf nUM loVoN vwD vDfAux df kfrn
bxdf hY. ies lyK ivwc asIN ieh dyKx dI koisLsL krFgy ik ieh aml iks qrHF
kMm krdf hY qF ik asIN mOjUdf ivwqI sMkt dI jVH dI pCfx kr skIey.
afriQk KVoq (stYgnysLn): srmfeydfrI afriQkqf df muwK Durf lgfqfr
vwD qoN vwD munfPf kmfAuxf hY. ies leI jLrUrI hY ik srmfeydfr kmfey
munfPy nUM agFh ienvYst kr sky qF ik Aus qoN agFh hor munfPf kmfieaf jf
sky aqy iPr ies agFh kmfey munfPy nUM hor agFh ienvYWst kr sky qF ik hor
vfDU munfPf kmfieaf jf sky. dOlq iekwqr krn dy ies aml leI jLrUrI hY ik
afriQkqf df lgfqfr vfDf huMdf rhy. afriQkqf dy lgfqfr vfDy leI jLrUrI hY
ik afriQkqf vloN pYdf kIqy mfl dI loV lgfqfr vDdI rhy. pr ijs qrHF
srmfeydfrI pRbMD kMm krdf hY, Aus anusfr lgfqfr aijhf huMdy rihxf sMBv
nhIN. nqIjy vjoN srmfeydfrI afriQkqf ivwc iek pVfa aijhf afAuNdf hY jdoN
afriQkqf dy vfDy dI dr DImI hoxI sLurU ho jFdI hY. ies pVfa nUM
arQsLfsqrIaF ny afriQk KVoq (stYgnysLn) df nF idwqf hY. afriQk KVoq df
ieh arQ nhIN hY ik afriQkqf ivwc iblkul vfDf nhIN huMdf. ies df arQ ieh
hY ik afriQkqf afpxI sMBfvnf qoN hyTF kMm krdI hY - ijs kfrn afriQkqf dI
pUrI Auqpfdk Xogqf dI vrqoN nhIN huMdI aqy mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF ivwc vwzI
pwDr AuWqy byrujLgfrI aqy arD rujLgfrI (aMzrieMploeymYNt) huMdI hY. ies
pVfa AuWqy af ky afriQkqf ivwc srmfeydfrF vloN kmfey munfPy nUM awgy
ienvYst krn dy mOky nhIN rihMdy jF Gwt jFdy hn. amrIkf dy mfrksvfdI
ivdvfn jOhn bYlYmI POstr aqy PrYWz mYgzOP afpxI huxy CpI ikqfb, “dI gryt
PfeInYNsLl krfeIisws” ivwc ies afriQk KVoq afAux dy awgy idwqy kfrn
idMdy hn:
1[ afriQkqf df ies pwDr qwk ivksq ho jfxf ijs ivwc muZly snaqI ZFcy nUM
nvyN isirEN Ausfrn dI loV nf rhy, sgoN mOjUdf snaqI ZFcy ivwc qbdIlIaF
krky ies nUM nivafieaf jf sky. aijhf krn leI bhuq ijLafdf srmfey dI loV
nhIN pYNdI.
2[ lMbf smF iksy aijhI nvIN qknOlOjI df sfhmxy nf afAuxf ijhVI qknOlOjI
afriQkqf ivwc vwzI pwDr AuWqy qyjLI ilaf skdI hovy aqy afriQkqf ivwc
ijLkrXog qbdIlI kr skdI hovy. Audfhrx leI amrIkf ivwc 1920ivaF dy sLurU
ivwc motrkfr dI kfZ ny amrIkf dI afriQkqf nUM vwzf hulfrf idwqf sI aqy
amrIkf dI afriQkqf ivwc ijLkrXog qbdIlI kIqI sI. motrkfr dI kfZ nfl
iekwlI motrkfrF bxfAux dI snaq hI nhIN vDI PuwlI sI sgoN ies dy nfl nfl
sfry amrIkf ivwc sVkF df jfl bxfAux dI loV nfl sVkF, pulF, surMgF afid
bxfAux dI snaq ivwc vI qyjLI afeI sI. ies qoN ibnF sVkF dy kMiZaF AuWqy
gYs stysLnF, rYstorYNt, motrkfrF dy spyarpfrts, murMmq leI vrksLfpF afid
dy keI nvyN kMmkfr pYdf hoey sn. (ajoky smyN ivwc kMipAUtr aqy ieMtrnYWt
dI kfZ ny snaq dy Auqpfdn dy ZMgF ivwc keI qrHF dIaF qbdIlIaF jLrUr
kIqIaF hn pr ieh nvIN qknOlOjI afriQkqf nUM Aus qrHF df hulfrf nhIN dy
skI, afriQkqf ivwc Aus qrHF dI qbdIlI nhIN ilaf skI ijs qrHF dI qbdIlI
motrkfr dI kfZ ny ilaFdI sI.)
3[ smfj ivwc afmdn aqy dOlq dI nfbrfbrI ivwc vfDf hoxf ijs kfrn afm lokF
ivwc snaq vloN pYdf kIqIaF vsqF nUM KRIdx dI sLkqI Gwt jFdI hY. nqIjy
vwjoN afriQkqf ivwc loVoN vwD Auqpfdn (EvrpRozksLn) df sMkt pYdf huMdf
hY aqy afriQkqf ivwc vfDU Auqpfdk Xogqf (pRozkitv kYpyistI) pYdf huMdI
hY.
4[ afriQkqf ivwc iejfrydfrI df ruJfn: ijs df arQ hY snaq dy vwK vwK
KyqrF AuWpr muwTI Br kfrporysLnF df glbf. ies dy nqIjy vwjoN kfrporysLnF
iek dUjy nfl afpxIaF bxfeIaF cIjLF dIaF kImqF df mukfblf bMd kr idMdIaF
hn aqy munfPf kmfAux leI afpxf iDafn Krcy GtfAux aqy afpxIaF vsqF dI
mfrkIitMg krn AuWqy lfAuNdIaF hn. nqIjy vjoN AuhnF dy munfiPaF ivwc aQfh
vfDf huMdf hY. pr afriQk KVoq vflI siQqI ivwc AuhnF kol iehnF munfiPaF
nUM agFh ienvYst krn dy bhuq mOky nhIN huMdy.
amrIkf ivwc iejfrydfr srmfeydfrI df ruJfn vIhvIN sdI dy sLurU ivwc
kfrporysLnF dy hoNd ivwc afAux nfl hI sLurU ho igaf sI aqy vIhvIN sdI dy
aKIrly dhfikaF ivwc afpxI isKr AuWqy phuMc igaf. ieh siQqI 19vIN sdI dI
srmfeydfrI nfloN vwKrI hY, ijs smyN afriQkqf ivwc pirvfr afDfrq CotIaF
PrmF kMm krdIaF sn aqy AuhnF df kImqF, Auqpfdn aqy pUMjI lfAux dy pwDr
AuWpr bhuq Gwt kMtrol huMdf sI.
amrIkf ivwc iejfrydfr srmfeydfrI nUM afriQk KVoq dy sMkt df lgfqfr
sfhmxf krnf pYNdf af irhf hY. 1930ivaF df izpRYsLn ies sMkt df hI nqIjf
sI. pr dUjI sMsfr jMg dy lwgx nfl POjI KricaF ivwc vfDy aqy Aus qoN bfad
jMg nfl qbfh hoey XUrpIan dysLF, jfpfn afid dI muVAusfrI dI afriQkqf ny
srmfeydfrI nUM ies sMkt qoN bcfeI rwiKaf. ies krky hI 1950 qoN lY ky
1970 qwk dy smyN nUM “srmfeydfrI df suinhrI dOr” ikhf jFdf hY. pr
1970ivaF qoN bfad amrIkf dI afrQikqf dy vfDy dI rPqfr hOlI hoxI sLurU ho
geI aqy lgfqfr hOlI qoN hOlI huMdI geI. jy asIN 1930vyN dhfky qoN lY ky
mOjUdf smyN qwk amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn (jI zI pI - grOs zuimstk
pRozkt) dy sflfnf vfDy dI dr vl dyKIey qF ieh gwl spsLt ho jFdI hY.
izpRYsLn vfly 1930 dy dhfky dOrfn amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn ivwc
sflfnf vfDy dI aOsq 1[3 PIsdI sI. dUjI sMsfr jMg vfly1940ivaF dy dhfky
ivwc amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn ivwc sflfnf vfDy dI aOsq 5[9 PIsdI sI,
1950ivaF ivwc ieh dr 4[1 PIsdI sI, 1960ivaF ivwc ieh dr 4[4 PIsdI sI,
1970ivaF aqy 1980ivaF ivwc ieh dr 3[1 PIsdI sI aqy sMn 2000 qoN lYk 2007
qwk ieh dr 2[6 PIsdI sI.
ijvyN AuWpr dwisaf igaf hY ik afriQkqf dy vfDy ivwc KVoq df iek asr ieh
huMdf hY ik afriQkqf afpxI sMBfvI Auqpfdk Xogqf (pRozkitv kYpystI) qoN
Gwt Auqpfdn krdI hY. nqIjy vwjoN afriQkqf dI pUrI Auqpfdk Xogqf dI vrqoN
nhIN huMdI. Audfhrn leI 1975/76 qoN lY ky 2005/2006 qwk dy qIh sflF
dOrfn amrIkf dI afriQkqf ivwc aOsq rUp ivwc 81 PIsdI Auqpfdk Xogqf dI hI
vrqoN hoeI hY. sfl 2001 - 2006 dy smyN dOrfn amrIkf dI afriQkqf ivwc
aOsq rUp ivwc isrP 77 PIsdI Auqpfdk Xogqf (pRozkitv kYpystI) dI vrqoN
hoeI hY.
afriQkqf dy vfDy ivwc KVoq (stYgnysLn) bfry srmfeydfrI df pRqIkrm
1970ivaF qoN amrIkf dI afriQkqf dy vfDy dI dr ivwc af rhI lgfqfr igrfvt
vflI siQqI nfl inptx leI srmfeydfrI ny moty qOr AuWqy hyT ilKy ZMg vrqy.
mjLdUrF dy hwkF AuWpr hmly: sB qoN pihlF qF afriQkqf dy punrgTn dy
nF hyT afpxy Krcy GtfAux leI vwzI pwDr AuWqy mjLdUrF dy hwkF AuWpr hmly
kIqy aqy AuhnF dIaF qnKfhF ivwc vfDy nUM roikaf jF qnKfhF ivwc vfDf
ienPlysLn dI dr qoN Gwt kIqf jF kuJ hflqF ivwc qnKfhF ivwc ktOqIaF
kIqIaF. smuwcy rUp ivwc mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dIaF qnKfhF dy vfDy ivwc KVoq
vrgI siQqI rhI. Audfhrx leI sMn 1989 qoN 1995 qwk amrIkf ivwc GMitaF dy
ihsfb nfl mjLdUrF dI asl qnKfh ivwc 0[6 PIsdI sflfnf dy ihsfb nfl kmI
afeI. sMn 1995 aqy 1999 drimafn GMitaF dy ihsfb nfl mjLdUrF dI asl qnKfh
ivwc 1[5 PIsdI sflfnf df vfDf hoieaf. ies dy mukfbly sMn 1947 qoN 1967
dy vIh sflF dy lMmy vkPy ivwc GMitaF dy ihsfb nfl mjLdUrF dI asl qnKfh
ivwc lgfqfr 2[3 PIsdI df vfDf huMdf irhf sI. mjLdUrF dIaF Gwt qnKfhF dI
siQqI bfry iek hor kox qoN dyiKaF siQqI hor spsLt ho jFdI hY. sMn 2001
ivwc amrIkf ivwc 23[9 PIsdI kfimaF nUM isrP eynI ku qnKfh imldI sI ik
Auh sfrf sfl Puwl tfiem kMm krky vI 4 jixaF dy pirvfr nUM grIbI dI ryKf
qoN AuWpr rwKx qoN asmrQ sn. jy asIN amrIkf ivwc mjLdUrI aqy qnKfhF dy
kuwl joV df kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn nfl mukfblf krky dyKIey qF sfnUM pqf
lwgdf hY ik sMn 1970 dy nyVy kuwl mjLdUrI aqy qnKfhF amrIkf dy kuwl
GrylU Auqpfdn df 53 PIsdI bxdIaF sn jdoN ik 2005 ivwc Auh 45 ku PIsdI
rih geIaF sn.
ies dy nfl hI kfrporysLnF ny pUry jLor sLor nfl XUnIan ivroDI srgrmIaF
sLurU kr idwqIaF. AuhnF ny kMmF AuWqy mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF nUM rwKx dy ies
qrHF dy ZMg vrqxy sLurU kr idwqy ik kMm vflIaF QFvF AuWqy XUnIan bxfAuxf
musLikl ho igaf. Audfhrx leI 1980ivaF qoN bfad amrIkf ivwc pfrt tfiem
aqy kwcy qOr AuWqy rwKy krmcfrIaF dI igxqI ivwc bhuq vfDf hoieaf hY. ies
qrHF dy krmcfrIaF nUM XUnIanF ivwc jQybMd krnf aOKf hY. ies hI qrHF keI
kMpnIaF ny ieh PYslf ilaf ik AuhnF dy kMmF AuWqy XUnIan nhIN bx skdI. jy
AuhnF dI iksy kMm vflI QF AuWqy XUnIan bx jfvy qF Auh Aus QF nUM bMd kr
idMdIaF hn. ies sMbMD ivwc vflmfrt dI Audfhrx leI jf skdI hY. kYnyzf dy
sUuby ikAUibk ivwc vflmfrt dy iek stor ivwc krmcfrI XUnIan bxfAux ivwc
kfmXfb ho gey sn. jdoN iek aribtrytr ies stor ivwc pihly kulYkitv
aYgrImYNt (XUnIan aqy stor ivckfr smJOqy) bfry PYslf dyx vflf sI qF Aus
qoN kuJ idn pihlF apRYl 2005 ivwc vflmfrt ny Auh stor bMd kr idwqf sI.
kfrporysLnF dy XUnIan ivroDI ies qrHF dy PYsilaf kfrn amrIkf ivwc
XUnIanF dy mYNbr mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dI igxqI kfPI GtI hY. Audfhrn leI,
sMn 1980 ivwc amrIkf dy kuwl mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF ivwcoN 20 PIsdI
mjLdUr/krmcfrI XUnIanF dy mYNbr huMdy sn. pr sMn 2007 ivwc amrIkf dy
kuwl mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF ivwcoN isrP 12 PIsdI mjLdUr/krmcfrI XUnIanF dy
mYNbr sn.
mjLdUrF aqy krmcfrIaF AuWpr ies qrHF dy hmly kfrn amrIkf ivwc dOlq dI
asfvIN vMz hor iqwKI ho geI. ies hflq AuWpr itwpxI kridaF ibjLins vIk dy
PrvrI 14, 2000 dy iek aMk ivwc ieh ikhf igaf ik amrIkf ivwc amIrF aqy
grIbF ivwc pfVf vwD irhf hY. amrIkf dy hyTly 20 PIsdI GrF nUM amrIkf dI
kOmI afmdn (nYsLnl ienkm) df isrP 4 PIsdI ihwsf imldf hY jdoN ik Auprly
20 PIsdI GrF nUM amrIkf dI kuwlH kOmI afmdn df 50 PIsdI imldf hY. ies
siQqI bfry imldy hor aMkiVaF anusfr 1950 aqy 1970 anusfr amrIkf dy kmfeI
krn vfilaF ivwc hyTly 90 PIsdI vloN kmfey jFdy hr iek vfDU zflr dy
mukfbly, Auprly 0[01 PIsdI afmdnI kmfAux vfly 162 zflr kmfAuNdy sn. ies
dy mukfbly sMn 1990 qoN 2002 dy ivckfr, ieh siQqI ies qrHF bdl geI ik
amrIkf dy kmfeI krn vfilaF ivwc hyTly 90 PIsdI vloN kmfey jFdy hr iek
vfDU zflr dy mukfbly AuWprly 0[01 PIsdI (qkrIbn 14,000 ku Gr) 18,000
zflr kmfAuNdy sn. sMn 2001 ivwc amrIkf dy Auprly 1 PIsdI dOlqmMdF kol
hyTly 80 PIsdI lokF dI kuwl dOlq nfloN duwgxI dOlq sI.
globlfeIjysLn jF ivsLvIkrn amrIkI afriQkqf ivwc afriQk vfDy dI
GwtdI dr nfl inptx leI srmfeydfrI ny jo dUsrf ZMg vriqaf Auh sI
globlfeIjysLn jF ivsLvIkrn. ivsLvIkrn aDIn dunIaF dy arD-srmfeydfrI,
gYr-srmfeydfrI jF pUrv srmfeydfrI iKwiqaF nUM ivsLv dI mMzI afriQkqf
(mfrkIt iekfnmI) df ihwsf bxfieaf igaf. ies vrqfry dOrfn srmfeydfrI ny
afpxI Kpq leI kuJ nvIaF mMzIaF lwBIaF, nvyN vsIilaF aqy kwcy mfl qwk
phuMc bxfeI aqy pUMjI lfAux leI QFvF lwBIaF. PrI tryz, sMsfr pwDr AuWqy
srmfey dy afAux-jfx AuWqy lwgIaF bMdsLF nUM GtfAux jF htfAux, ivdysLI
pUMjI AuWpr lwgIaF bMdsLF nUM Kqm krn, axivksq dysLF ivwc Kpq siBafcfr
pYdf krn jF Aus nUM hor PYlfAux vrgy kuwJ ZMgF nfl srmfeydfrI ny qkrIbn
qkrIbn dunIaf dy sfry ihwisaF nUM mMzI dI afriQkqf ivwc sLfml kr ilaf.
ivsLvIkrn ny kuwJ hwd qwk amrIkf dI afriQkqf nUM TuMmxf jLrUr idwqf pr
ies nfl smwisaf df hwl nhIN hoieaf ikAuNik ies dOr dOrfn mMzI dI
afriQkqf ivwc sLfml hoey nvyN iKwiqaF dI Auqpfdk Xogqf (pRozkitv
kYipstI) ivwc vI vfDf hoieaf. Audfhrx leI ipCly 25 sflF ivwc cIn dI
Auqpfdk Xogqf ivwc kfPI vfDf hoieaf hY ijs nfl srmfeydfrI afriQkqf dI
vfDU pYdfvfr (EvrpRozksLn) dI smwisaf ivwc vI vfDf hoieaf hY. ies nfl
vsqF dIaF kImqF aqy mnfiPaF ivwc kmI afeI hY.
ivsLvIkrn dy dOr ny mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dI mjLdUrI aqy qnKfhF ivwc vfDy
nUM hyTlI pwDr AuWqy rwKx leI vI Xogdfn pfieaf. ies dOr dOrfn
kfrporysLnF ny afpxf Auqpfdn dunIaF dy AuhnF iKwiqaF ivwc iljfxf sLurU
kr idwqf ijhnF ivwc mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF nUUM Gwt qnKfhF idwqIaF jf skdIaF
sn aqy kMm AuWpr mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF qoN keI qrHF dIaF CotF leIaF jf
skdIaF sn. keI snaqF ivwc kMm krdIaF kfrporysLnF ny qF afpxy afp nUM
Auqpfdn ivwcoN iblkul bfhr kwZ ilaf aqy vsqF df Auqpfdn Tyky AuWqy
krvfAux lwgIaF. ies sB kfsy ny afm qOr AuWqy dunIaF Br ivwc, aqy Kfs qOr
AuWqy ivksq dysLF ivwc, mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dIaF qnKfhF ivwc vfDy AuWpr
iek bhuq vwzI rukfvt df kMm kIqf.
afriQkqf df ivwqIkrn: afriQk KVoq kfrn pYdf hoeI vfDU Auqpfdk Xogqf
(pRozkitv kYpyistI) ny srmfeydfrI leI vwzf sMkt ieh pYdf kr idwqf ik Auh
hor munfPf kmfAux leI afpxf srmfieaf ikwQy ienvYst kry. ieh srmfieaf hor
vsqF aqy syvfvF (guzjL aYNz srivsjL) nUM pYdf krn vflIaF snaqF ivwc nhIN
lfieaf jf skdf sI ikAuNik iehnF ivwc pihlF hI vfDU Auqpfdk Xogqf pYdf ho
cuwkI sI. iPr ieh srmfieaf ikwQy lfieaf jfvy? ies rukfvt qoN pfr ikvyN
lMiGaf jfvy? ies rukfvt qoN pfr lMGx leI srmfeydfrI ny ivwqI Kyqr vwl
ruK kIqf. srmfeydfrF ny ivwqI Kyqr ivwc srmfieaf lfAux dy keI qrHF dy
ZMg lB ley ijhnF ivwc kuJ ies pRkfr sn: stfk mfrkIt, aMqrrfsLtrI krMsI
df vpfr, srkfrI bFzf df vpfr, hor kfrporysLnF nUM KRIdx aqy munfPf kmf
ky muV vycx, rIal iestyt, ieMsLorYNs df Kyqr afid. ivwqI Kyqr ivwc
srmfieaf lfAux ivwc ikwzy vwzy pwDr AuWqy qbdIlI hoeI hY Aus df aMdfjLf
awgy idwqy qwQF qoN lfieaf jf skdf hY. sMn 1975 ivwc inAU XOrk stfk
aYkscyNj AuWqy hr rojL 1 kroV 90 lwK (19 imlIan) sLyarF df lYx dyx huMdf
sI. sMn 1985 ivwc hr rojL dI ieh igxqI vwD ky 10 kroV 90 lwK (109
imlIan) ho geI aqy sMn 2006 ivwc ieh igxqI 160 kroV (1600 imlIan) ho geI
ijhnF dI kImq 60 arb (iblIan) zflr qoN vwD bxdI sI. ies qrHF hI sMn 1977
ivwc hr rojL 18 arb (iblIan) zflr dy brfbr aMqrrfsLtrI krMsI df vpfr
huMdf sI. pr sMn 2006 ivwc ieh vpfr 18 Krb (1[8 tirlIan) zflr pRqI idn
qwk phuMc igaf sI.
jy ies siQqI nUM munfiPaF dy pwK qoN dyiKaf jfvy qF vI bhuq pRqwK qwQ
sfhmxy afAuNdy hn. 1960ivaF smyN amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU munfiPaF ivwcoN 15
PIsdI dy lgBg munfPy ivwqI Kyqr qoN afAuNdy sn pr sMn 2005 amrIkf dy
kuwl GrylU munfiPaF df 40 PIsdI ihwsf ivwqI Kyqr qoN pRfpq hoieaf sI.
ies dy nfl hI ies smyN dOrfn snaqI Auqpfdn (mYnUPYkcirMg) dy Kyqr ivwcoN
hox vfly munfPy dy ihwsy ivwc kfPI kmI afeI hY. Audfhrn leI kdy amrIkf
dy kuwl GrylU munfiPaF df 50 PIsdI ihwsf snaqI Auqpfdn (mYnUPYkcirMg)
ivwcoN afAuNdf sI. pr 2006 ivwc ieh ihwsf 15 PIsdI qoN vI Gwt ho igaf
sI.
ivwqI lYx dyx qoN munfPf kmfAux vflIaF vpfrk sMsQFvF ivwc iekwlIaF ivwqI
sMsQFvF hI sLfml nhIN sn sgoN keI gYr-ivwqI vpfrk sMsQFvF dy vI kfPI
vwzy munfPy ivwqI lYx dyx qoN huMdy sn. Audfhrn leI sMn 2006 dy aMkiVaF
anusfr KyqIbfVI dI msLInrI dy sfmfn nfl sMbMDq amrIkn kMpnI aYWt zIar
aYNz kMpnI dI cOQf ihwsf afmdn Aus vloN idwqIaF jFdIaF ivwqI syvfvF qoN
huMdI sI. ies hI qrHF amrIkf dI prcUn df sfmfn vycx vflI kMpnI tI jI tI
dI 15 PIsdI kmfeI Aus dy krYizt kfrzF qoN huMdI sI. ieQoN qwk ik vfl
mfrt ny vI ibwl pyamYNt, cYWk kYsL krn, mnI afrzr aqy dUjy dysLF nUM
pYsy Byjx dIaF syvfvF dyxIaF sLurU kr idwqIaF hn. pihlIaF ivwc ies iksm
dIaF syvfvF isrP ivwqI sMsQFvF hI idaf krdIaF sn.
ivwqI afriQkqf dy ies qrHF dy PYlfa dy pRqIkrm ivwc bYNkF aqy hor ivwqI
sMsQFvF ny mfrkIt ivwc keI qrHF dIaF nvIaF vsqF pRdfn krnIaF sLurU kr
idwqIaF. ijvyN ik iPAUcrjL, afpsLnjL, zYrIvyitvjL, hYWj PMzjL, kolYtrl
zYWt EblIgysLnjL (sI zI E), kolYtrlfiejLz mfrgyj EblIgysLnjL (sI aYWm E)
vrgy mfrgyjLF dy pYkyj afid. iewQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik ivwqI
sMsQFvF vloN ivkrI leI iqafr kIqIaF iehnF vsqF df lYx dyx pUrI qrHF iks
qrHF kMm krdf hY, ieh smJxf guMJldfr hY aqy aOKf hY. pr ijhVI gwl sfP hY
Auh ieh hY ik ivwqI sMsQFvF vloN ivkrI leI iqafr ieh vsqF koeI aslI vsqF
aqy syvfvF (rIal guzjL aYNz srivsjL) nhIN hn sgoN ieh ivwqI smJOqy hI
sn. Audfhrn leI afpF iPAUcrjL bfry gwl krdy hF. muwK qOr AuWqy iPAUcrjL
do iDrF (iek vycx vflI iDr aqy iek KRIdx vflI iDr) ivckfr ieh iekrfrnfmf
huMdf hY ik Auh BivwK ivwc iek imwQI qrIk nUM iek vsq nUM imwQI kImq
AuWpr vycxgy/KRIdxgy. jy Aus qrIk nUM Aus vsq dI kImq imwQI hoeI kImq
qoN vwD jFdI hY qF vycx vfly nMU Gftf pYNdf hY aqy jy Aus vsq dI kImq
imwQI hoeI kImq qoN Gwt jFdI hY qF KRIdx vfly nUM Gftf pYNdf hY. lMmy
smyN qoN KyqIbfVI dI pYdfvr ijvyN anfj, kOPI, KMz, sMqiraF, duwD afid
aqy qyl aqy DfqF dy sMbMD ivwc iPAUcrjL dI mfrkIt cldI afeI hY. Auqpfdn
nfl sMbMDI snaq ivwc ies qrHF dy iekrfrnfmy df ieh Pfiedf huMdf sI ik
KRIdx vflf afpxI snaq ivwc vrqI jfx vfly iksy kwcy mfl dI splfeI iek
insLicq kImq AuWqy pRfpq kr lYNdf sI. ijvyN koeI vwzf bykr iksy kxk pYdf
krn vfly Pfrmr nfl BivwK dI iksy insLicq qrIk AuWqy iksy insLicq kImq
AuWpr kxk KRIdx df iekrfrnfmf krky ieh insLicq kr lvy ik Aus nUM Aus
qrIk nUM kxk iek insLicq kImq AuWqy imlygI. ies nfl bykr nUM BivwK ivwc
afpxy hox vfly KricaF df insLicq rihx df XkIn bwJdf hY. pr hux iPAUcrjL
dI mfrkIt ivwc BivwK dIaF kImqF bfry ijLafdf sLrqF ivwqI Kyqr ivwc
lfeIaF jFdIaF hn. sfl 2006 dy aMkiVaF anusfr amrIkf ivwc iPAUcrjL dI
mfrkIt ivwc 92 PIsdI sLrqF ivwqI Kyqr ivwc lfeIaF geIaF sn, ijvyN vwK
vwK krMsIaF dI kImqF bfry, imAuNspl aqy srkfrI bFzf bfry, stfkF dIaF
kImqF bfry, ivafjL dIaF drF bfry aqy ivwqI aqy stfk dy vwK vwK ieMzYksF
bfry.
ivwqI Kyqr ivwc ies qrHF dy ruJfnF kfrn afriQkqf ivwc ivwqI Kyqr dI
BUimkf ny iek nvF rUp aKiqafr kr ilaf. pihly simaF ivwc afriQkqf ivwc
ivwqI Kyqr df iek shfiek sQfn huMdf sI. bYNk aqy hor ivwqI adfry asl
vsqF aqy syvfvF dy Auqpfdn leI Auqpfdn krn vfilaF nUM loVINdf srmfieaf
krjLy dy qOr AuWqy idMdy sn. Auqpfdn krn vfly ies srmfey nfl kwcf mfl,
msLInrI vgYrf lYNdy sn aqy mjLdUrF dIaF qnKfhF idMdy sn. iPr afp bxfeIaF
vsqF nUM mMzI ivwc vyc ky Auh munfPf kmfAuNdy sn. ies munfPy ivwcoN Auh
bYNkF aqy ivwqI adfiraF qoN ley krjLy AuWqy ivafjL idMdy sn jo ivwqI
Kyqr df munfPf bxdf sI. hux ivwqI bYNkF aqy hor ivqI adfry isrP krjLy
dyx vfly adfry hI nhIN hn sgoN ivwqI Kyqr ivwc pYsf lf ky hor pYsf
kmfAux leI Auh afp krjLf lYNdy hn. Audfhrn leI sMn 1981 ivwc amrIkf dy
ivwqI adfiraF df krjLf amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn dy 22 PIsdI ijMnf
bxdf sI pr 1988 ivwc ieh vwD ky amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn dy 42 PIsdI
dy brfbr ho igaf. sMn 2005 ivwc amrIkf dy ivwqI adfiraF df krjLf amrIkf
dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn dy 100 PIsdI qoN vI vwD igaf.
hux qwk asIN afriQk KVoq dy sMbMD ivwc kfrporysLnF bfry gwl kIqI hY. ies
sMbMD ivwc afm lok ivakqIgq pwDr AuWpr iks qrHF dI siQqI rfhIN lMGy hn,
sMKyp ivwc Aus bfry jfx lYxf vI ibhqr hovygf. ijs qrHF pihlF dwisaf jf
cuwkf hY ik ipCly do-iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn amrIkf ivwc mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF
dIaF qnKfhF ivwc KVoq vrgI siQqI rhI hY. qnKfhF ivwc KVoq vrgI siQqI nfl
nijwTx leI afm lokF ny kI kIqf? sB qoN pihlF qF AuhnF ny afpxy kMm dy
GMitaF ivwc vfDf kIqf. pirvfrF dy iek qoN vwD mYNbr kMm krn lwgy. pr
jdoN ieh ZMg vrqx bfad vI Auh afpxIaF loVF aqy ilivMg stYNzrz kfiem nf
rwK sky qF AuhnF ny krjLy df shfrf ilaf. ipCly do-iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn
amrIkf dIaF ivakqIgq GrylU iekfeIaF (hfAUsholzjL) AuWpr krjLy dy Bfr
ivwc bhuq ijLafdf vfDf hoieaf hY. Audfhrn leI 1975 ivwc KpqkfrF dy
bkfieaf rihMdy krjLy (kMijLAUmr zYWt), KpqkfrF dI izspojyLbl afmdn
(tYksF qoN bfad dI afmdn) df 62 PIsdI bxdy sn. pr sMn 2005 ivwc KpqkfrF
dy bkfieaf rihMdy krjLy KpqkfrF dI izspojLybl afmdn df 127 PIsdI ho gey.
amrIkf dy pirvfrF AuWpr cVHy krijLaF AuWpr iek sMKyp Jfq mfrn leI asIN
GrF AuWpr leIaF mfrgyjLF aqy krYizt kfrzF AuWpr ley krjLy AuWpr njLr
mfrFgy. lokF isr ciVHaf ijLafdf krjLf AuhnF dy irhfiesLI GrF AuWpr ilaf
mfrgyjF df krjLf sI. 1990ivaF qoN bfad lokF vloN sYikMz mfrgyjF afid lY
ky afpxy GrF AuWpr krjLf cuwkx dy vrqfry ivwc vwzf vfDf hoieaf. Audfhrn
leI sMn 1998- 2001 ivckfr GrF AuWpr cuwky krjLy dI mIzIan rkm ivwc 3[8
PIsdI df vfDf hoieaf sI jdoN ik 2001-2004 ivckfr ieh vfDf 27[3 PIsdI ho
igaf. GrF dIaF vDdIaF kImqF kfrn vDI iekuaYtI df Pfiedf lYx leI Gr mflk
afpxy GrF AuWpr hor krjLy cuwkx lwgy. Audfhrn leI sMn 2001-2004 ivckfr
45 PIsdI dy nyVy Gr mflkF ny afpxy GrF AuWpr dubfrf krjLy cuwky.
9 akqUbr 2008 nUM ibjLins vIk dI vYWbsfeIt AuWpr Cpy iek afrtIkl anusfr
amrIkf ivwc krYizt kfrz vfilaF AuWpr 950 iblIan zflr df krjLf hY. XU
aYWs inAUjL dy vYWbsfeIt AuWpr 10 mfrc 2009 nUM Cpy iek afrtIkl ivwc
amrIkn bYNkrjL aYsosIeysLn df hvflf dy ky dwisaf igaf hY ik amrIkf dy
pirvfrF isr aOsq rUp ivwc 8000 zflr df krYizt kfrzF df krjLf hY. jdoN ik
sMn 2007 ivwc amrIkf ivwc pirvfrF dI aOsq rUp ivwc mIzIan kuwl afmdn 50,
233 zflr sI. lokF nUM krYizt kfrzF AuWpr krjLf lYx leI AuksfAux leI
ivwqI adfry keI qrHF dy ZMg vrq rhy hn. sB qoN pihlF qF ipCly do iqMn
dhfikaF dOrfn krYizt kfrz lYxf bhuq sOKf kr idwqf igaf hY. ies dy nfl hI
ivwqI adfry krYizt kfrzF dy ivafj dIaF bdlvIaF drF rwK ky AuhnF nUM
krYizt kfrzF AuWpr krjLf lYx leI Brmf rhy hn. Audfhrn leI pihly Cy
mhIinaF dOrfn ivafjL dI dr bhuq QoVHI rwKI jFdI ieQoN qwk ik 2 PIsdI. pr
bfad ivwc ivafjL dIaF drF ivwc bhuq vwzf vfDf kr idwqf jFdf hY, vIh
-pwcI-ieQoN qwk ik qIh-bwqI PIsdI qwk.
mOjUdf ivwqI Kyqr dy lVKVfAux dI sLurUafq sbprfeIm mOrgyjF lYx vfilaF
vloN afpxIaF mfrgyjF dIaF adfiegIaF nf kr skx qoN mMnI jFdI hY, ies leI
sbprfeIm mfrgyjF bfry vI loVH gocrI gwl krnI cMgI rhygI. sMn 2000 dy
stfk mfrkIt krYsL qoN bfad ivwqI Kyqr ivwc afeI asiQrqf nUM TuMmxf dyx
leI amrIkf dy PYzrl rIjLrv bYNk ny ivafj dIaF drF GtfAuxIaF sLurU kr
idwqIaF. jnvrI 2001 aqy jUn 2003 ivckfr bYNk ny 12 vfr ivafjL dIaF drF
ivwc ktOqI kIqI aqy ivafj dI dr nUM 6 PIsdI qoN Gtf ky 1 PIsdI qwk lY
aFdf. ivafjL dIaF Gwt drF kfrn lokF ny keI qrHF dy krjLy lYxy sLurU kr
idwqy. Kfs qOr AuWqy lokF ny GrF nUM KRIdx leI mfrgyjF lYxIaF sLurU kr
idwqIaF. Gr KRIdx vfly iehnF lokF ivwc Auh lok vI sLfml ho gey jo pihlF
Gr KRIdx dy Xog nhIN sn. vwD qoN vwD lokF nUM mfrgyjF vycx leI bYNkF ny
keI qrHF dIaF nvIaF mfrgyjF iejfd kr leIaF. iehnF ivwc mfrgyj dI iek
iksm sI sb-prfeIm mfrgyj. ieh mfrgyj AuhnF lokF leI iqafr kIqI geI ijhnF
lokF df krjLf lYx df irkfrz eynf cMgf nhIN sI. ies qrHF dIaF mfrgyjF
ivwc keI qrHF dIaF mfrgyjF sLfml hn. iek iksm hY ivafj dIaF bdlvIaF drF
vflIaF mfrgyjF ijhnF ivwc mfrgyj lYx dy sLurU dy kuwJ sflF ivwc ivafj dI
dr QoVHI huMdI hY aqy iPr ivafj dI dr iekdm vwD jFdI hY. ies qrHF dIaF
kuJ mfrgyjF ivwc Gr dI 100 PIsdI kImq leI mfrgyj dy idwqI jFdI hY.
ies qrHF dIaF mfrgyjF imlx nfl Auh lok vI GrF dI mfrkIt ivwc dfKl ho gey
ijhVy pihlF mfrgyj lYx dy Xog nhIN sn. ijLafdf lokF vloN mfrkIt ivwc
afAux kfrn GrF dIaF kImqF vDx lwgIaF. ies qrHF hor lok mfrgyjF lY ky Gr
KRIdx lwgy. AuhnF df ivcfr sI ik GrF dIaF vDdIaF kImqF dy mwdynjLr Auh
bdlvIaF mfrgyjF dy ryt vDx qoN pihlF mfrgyjF nUM dubfrf PfeInYNs krvf
lYxgy jF Gr nUM vyc ky munfPf kmf ky lFBy hoxgy.
dUsry pfsy bYNkF aqy mfrgyj dyx vfly hor adfry iehnF mfrgyjF nUM kolYtrl
zYWt EblIgysLnjL (sI zI E), kolYtrlfiejLz mfrgyj EblIgysLnjL (sI aYWm E)
afid ivwc pYkj krky dUsry ienvYstrF nUM vyc idMdy sn. nqIjy vwjoN jy
mfrgyj dyx vflf adfiegI nf vI kr sky qF bYNkF nUM nuksfn hox df Kqrf Gwt
huMdf sI ikAuNik Auh qF pihlF hI ieh mfrgyj iek vycx Xog vsq bxf ky agFh
vyc cuwky huMdy sn. ies dy nfl hI AuhnF nUM mfrgyj dyx dIaF PIsF qoN
kfPI afmdn ho rhI sI. ies leI AuhnF vloN vwD qoN vwD mfrgyjF dyx dI
koisLsL kIqI geI. Auh krjLf lYx vfilaF dI lYxXogqf dI vI Auny iDafn nfl
jFc nhIN krdy sn ijMny iDafn nfl jFc krn dI loV sI. ies qrHF dI hflq
ivwc amrIkf ivwc GrF dI mfrkIt dy Bukfny dy PYlx dy iswKr vyly akqUbr
qoN dsMbr 2005 ivckfr mfrgyjF leI krjLy ivwc 11 Krb (1[1 tirlIan) zflr
df vfDf hoieaf. ies smyN amrIkf ivwc GrF AuWpr mfrgyjF df kuwl krjLf
86[6 Krb (8[66 tirlIan) zflr sI jo ik amrIkf dy kuwl GrylU Auqpfdn (jI
zI pI) df 69[4 PIsdI bxdf sI.
GrF dI mfrkIt ivwc lgfqfr PYldy ies Bukfny ny amrIkf dI afriQkqf nUM
juMibsL idwqI. sMn 2000 ivwc stfk mfrkIt dy Bukfny ivwcoN inklI PUk GrF
dI mfrkIt dy Bukfny ivwc BrI geI. sMn 2005 ivwc amrIkf dI pRfeIvyt GrF
dI snaq ivwc 36 PIsdI df vfDf hoieaf. pr BukfinaF nfl sMbMDq scfeI ieh
vI hY ik Bukfny agFh qoN agFh Puwldy nhI rih skdy, AuhnF ny iek idn
pftxf hI huMdf hY. amrIkf dy GrF dy Bukfny ivwc pihlF QoVHI ijhI PUk
AudoN inklxI sLurU hoeI jdoN sMn 2006 ivwc amrIkf dy PYzrl irjLrv bYNk
ny ivafj dIaF drF ivwc vfDf kr idwqf. iPr bfad ivwc jdoN azjstybl drF
AuWqy leIaF sb-prfeIm mfrgyjF Aus pVfa AuWqy phuMcIaF ijwQy iehnF
mfrgyjF dy ivafjL dIaF drF iek dm vwD geIaF qF vwzI igxqI ivwc lokF leI
mfrgyjF dIaF iksLqF adf krnIaF aOKIaF ho geIaF. Gr PorklojL hox lwgy Bfv
Gr mflk kol mfrgyj dIaF adfiegIaF nf hox kfrn bYNkF kol jfx lwgy. ijs dy
nqIjy vwjoN sMn 2007 ivwc amrIkf dI sbprfeIm mfrgyj ieMzstrI kulYps ho
geI aqy sbprfeIm mOrgyj dyx vfly 25 vwzy adfiraF ny dIvflf kwZ idwqf.
julfeI 2007 ivwc do bIar strnjL hYWj PMz imwtI ivwc rul gey. Aus smyN
AuhnF kol 10 arb (iblIan) zflr dIaF mfrgyj afDfirq sikAurtIjL sn. ies
qoN bfad dI khfxI qF sfiraF dy sfhmxy hY. amrIkI ivwqI pRbMD qfsL dy
pwiqaF nfl bxfey Gr vFg lVKVfAuNdf hoieaf hyTF izwg ipaf.
ies siQqI ivwc bYNkF aqy hor ivwqI adfiraF ny iek dUjy nUM krjLf dyxf
bMd kr idwqf ikAuNik iksy nUM ieh pqf nhIN sI ik dUsry bYNk jF ivwqI
adfry dI ivwqI siQqI iks qrHF dI hY. dUsry bYNk jF ivwqI adfry dI sMpqI
df ikMnf ku ihwsf nf adf ho skx vflIaF mfrgyj afDfrq sikAurtIaF df hY.
bYNkF aqy ivwqI adfiraF vloN iek dUsry nUM krjLy dyxy bMd krn nfl gYr-
ivwqI vpfrk adfiraF nUM afpxy kMm kfr clfAux leI loVINdf srmfieaf imlxf
bMd ho igaf. dunIaF dy dUjy ihwisaF dy bYNk, ivwqI adfry aqy keI qrHF dy
hor ienvYstr vI amrIkf dy ivqI pRbMD ivwc pYsf lfAuNdy sn, ies leI CyqI
hI amrIkf df ivwqI sMkt dunIaf df ivwqI sMkt bx igaf.
bhuq CyqI ivqI afriQkqf ivwc afey ies sMkt nfl asl afriQkqf (vsqF aqy
syvfvF pRdfn krn vflI afriQkqf) AuWpr asr pYxf sLurU ho igaf. kMpnIaF
bMd hox lwgIaF jF afpxy Krcy GtfAux dy ZMg lwBx lwgIaF.
mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF nUM kMmF qoN htfAux dIaF KbrF afAux lwgIaF. mfrc 2009
ivwc afeI iek irport anusfr PrvrI 2009 ivwc amrIkf ivwc byrujLgfrI dI dr
8[1 PIsdI sI jo ik ipCly 25 sflF ivwc sB qoN ijLafdf hY. ipCly 14
mhIinaF dOrfn amrIkf ivwc 44 lwK lokF dI nOkrIaF KuwsIaF hn. mfrc 13 nUM
kYnyzf ivwc byrujLgfrI bfry afeI iek irport anusfr PrvrI 2009 ivwc
kYnyzf ivwc byrujLgfrI dI dr 7[7 PIsdI sI. arQsLfsqrIaF vloN siQqI dy
ajy hor Krfb hox dI BivwKbfxI kIqI jf rhI hY. afriQkqf df ieh sMkt hor
ikMnf ku zUMGf hovygf ies bfry kihxf musLikl hY.
aMiqkf:
aMq ivwc sfzy leI ieh Xfd rwKxf jLrUrI hY ik amrIkf qoN sLurU hoieaf aqy
sMsfr pwDr AuWqy PYl irhf ieh ivwqI sMkt srmfeydfrI dy pRbMD df sMkt hY
ijs nUM arQsLfsqrIaF ny afriQk KVoq df nF idwqf hY. ipCly do iqMn
dhfikaF ivwc ivwqI Kyqr ivwc jo psfr hoieaf hY, Auh srmfeydfrF vloN ies
smyN dOrfn afriQkqf ivwc afeI KVoq nfl nijwTx df iek qrIkf sI. afriQkqf
ivwc afeI KVoq ny srmfeydfrI dy rfh ivwc hor dolq kmfAux leI jo rukfvt
pYdf kIqI sI, Aus rukfvt qoN pfr jfx df qrIkf sI. ies qrIky nfl Auh hor
dolq kmfAux dy kfrj nUM kuwJ smyN leI qF cldf rwK sky pr ieh sdf nhIN
cldf rih skdf sI ikAuNik ivwqI Kyqr df ieh psfr vsqF aqy syvfvF pRdfn
krn vflI asl afriQkqf qoN tuwt cuwkf sI.
amrIkf aqy dunIaF dI vwK vwK srkfrF vloN jo “sitmUlYWs pYkj” idwqy jf
rhy hn, AuhnF df muwK mMqv afriQkqf ivwc krjLf nf iml skx dI musLikl nUM
dUr krnf hY. iehnF df mksd AuhnF srmfeydfrF aqy srmfeydfrI pRbMD nUM
bcfAuxf hY ijhnF kfrn ieh sMkt sLurU hoieaf sI. iehnF sitwmUlYWs pYkjF
ivwc mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dI ibhqrI leI kuJ vI nhIN hY. ies qrHF dy pYkyj
dyx vfly ieh soc ky cwl rhy hn ik jy dunIaF dy srmfeydfrF df Blf hovygf
qF mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF aqy afm lokF df Blf vI afp hI ho jfvygf.
ies ivwqI sMkt kfrn mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF aqy afm lokF nUUUM keI qrHF dIaF
musIbqF df sfhmxf krnf pYxf hY. sB qoN pihlF qF iehnF sitwmUlYWs pYkjF
nfl afm lokF AuWqy Bfr pvygf. ikAuNik srkfrF vloN srmfeydfrF aqy
srmfeydfrI dy bcfa leI jo pYsf Kricaf jf irhf hY Auh tYksF rfhIN lokF
qoN hI Augrfihaf jfxf hY jF smfjk syvfvF ivwc ktOqIaF krky pUrf kIqf
jfxf hY. ies dy nfl hI ies sMkt kfrn dunIaF Br ivwc bhuq sfry lokF nUM
afpxIaF nOkrIaF qoN hwQ Doxy pYxgy aqy afpxIaF qnKfhF ivwc ktOqIaF df
sfhmxf krnf pvygf. nvMbr 2008 ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl lybr afrgynfeIjysLn (afeI
aYWl E) vloN CfpI globl vyj irport 2008/09 ivwc BivwKbfxI kIqI geI hY ik
afAux vfly smyN ivwc dunIaf Br ivwc mjLdUrF/krmcfrIaF dIaF qnKfhF ivwc
vwzI pwDr AuWqy kmI afvygI. nqIjy vwjoN dunIaF Br ivwc amIrF aqy grIbF
dI afmdn dy pfVy ivwc hor vfDf hovygf. irport ivwc ieh vI isPfirsL kIqI
geI hY ik srkfrF afm lokF, mjLdUrF aqy krmcfrIaF leI vI sitwmUls pYkj
dyvy ijs ivwc qnKfhF ivwc vfDf, Gwto Gwt qnKfhF dI grMtI aqy afmdn ivwc
shfieqf krn vfly Pfiedy sLfml hox.
pr srkfrF df afm lokF nUM aijhy sitwmUlws pYkj dyx df koeI ierfdf nhIN
lwgdf. Auh afm lokF nUM aijhy pYkj AunI dyr qwk nhIN dyxgIaF, ijMnI dyr
qwk lok jQybMd ho ky ies bfry jdojihd nhIN krdy. ies leI jLrUrI hY ik
afm lok jQybMd hox aqy srkfrF qoN mMg krn ik Auh sMkt dI ies siQqI ivwc
afm lokF dy ihqF ivwc kdm cuwky nf ik AuhnF lokF dy ihqF ivwc ijhnF ny
ieh sMkt pYdf kIqf hY. ies qoN vI agFh lokF nUM Aus pRbMD nUM bdlx bfry
socxf cfhIdf hY, ijs pRbMD aMdr ies qrHF dy sMkt dy bIjL luky hoey hn.
jfxkfrI dy sRoq:
ies lyK ivwc vrqI bhuqI jfxkfrI jOhn blymI POstr aqy PrYWz mYgzOP dI hyT
ilKI ikqfb ivwcoN leI geI hY:
Foster, John Bellamy and Magdoff, Fred (2009). The Great Financial
Crisis: Causes and Consequences. New York: Monthly Review Press.
ies qoN ibnF hor jfxkfrI hyT ilKy sRoqF qoN leI geI hY:
Bello, Walden (2009). The Global Collapse: a Non-orthodox View.
Available at
http://www.monthlyreview.org/mrzine/bello200209.html
Bradley, A. Blakeman (2009). Consumer Credit Card Debt Is the Next
Economic Shoe to Drop in Financial Crisis. Available at
http://www.usnews.com/articles/opinion/2009/03/10/consumer-credit-card-debt-is-the-next-economic-shoe-to-drop-in-financial-crisis.html
Foster, John Bellamy and Robert McChesney (2000). Working-Class
Households and the Burden of Debt. Monthly Review, 52 (1), 1-11.
Parks, James (2008). Global Wages Decline; U.S. Income Gap Worst of
Developed Countries. Available at
http://blog.aflcio.org/2008/11/25/global-wages-decline-us-income-gap-worst-of-developed-countries
Shierholz, Heidi (2009). Unemployment at highest rate in over 25 years.
Available
http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/jobspicture_20090306
Silver-Greenbert, (2008). The Next Meltdown: Credit-Card Debt. Available
at
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_42/b4104024799703.htm
Yates, Michael D (January 14, 2009). Employee Free Choice Act. Available
at
http://www.amazon.com/gp/blog/post/PLNKAUH1JE8WYF3B
Yates, Michael D (2004). Workers Looking for Jobs, Union Looking for
Members. Monthly Review, 53 (11), 36-48.
Yates, Michael D (2002). Economic Crisis and the Crisis of US Labor.
Monthly Review, 55 (11), 47-55. |
