kuJ Kfs
BfrqIaF ny knyzf ivwc vot df hwk iks qrHF ilaf: pMjfhvIN vrHy-gMZ smyN ivsLysL
suKvMq huMdl
sfDU ibinMg
 

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smrpx

nigMdr isMG igwl, drsLn isMG knyzIan aqy zfktr zI[ pI[ pFzIaf nUM smripq, ijhnF ny vot df hwk lYx vfsqy lVI geI jwdojihd ivwc bhuq aihm BUimkf inBfeI.
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kYnyzf ivwc BfrqIaF dy ieiqhfs dI iek mhwqvpUrn jwdojihd bfry iliKaf ieh lyK pihlI vfr sMn 1997 ivwc iek ikqfbcy dy rUp Cipaf sI. hux asIN ies nUM vqn dy vYWbsfeIt AuWqy Cfp rhy hF qF ik ieh ijLafdf lokF nUM pRfpq ho sky.

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knyzf ivwc rihx vfly BfrqIaF vfsqy 1997 df vrHf keI kfrnF krky ivsLysL mhwqqf rwKdf hY. ijwQy ieh vrHf sfzy ies dysL ivwc afAux df sOvF vrHf hY AuWQy ieh Bfrq dI afjLfdI df vI pMjfhvF vrHf hY. pr sfzy vfsqy ies vrHy dI iek hor vwzI mhwqqf knyzf ivwc sfnUM vot pfAux df hwk pRfpq hox dI pMjfhvIN vrHygMZ vI hY. pMjfh sfl pihlF, 2 aprYl 1947 nUM, knyzf ivwc BfrqI ipCokV dy afvfsIaF ny, cflI sfl dI lMbI jwdojihd bfad, vot pfAux df hwk muV pRfpq kIqf. ijwQy BfrqI kimAUintI vloN knyzf dy iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlIaF ilafAux vfsqy jF Bfrq nUM afjLfd krfAux vfsqy kIqIaF srgrmIaF aqy kurbfnIaF afm jfxIaF jFdIaF hn AuWQy AunHF dI knyzf ivwc vot df hwk pRfpq krn vfsqy kIqI lMmI aqy mfxmwqI jwdojihd bfry bhuq Gwt iliKaf aqy ivcfiraf igaf hY. iehI kfrn hY ik 2 apRYl 1997 df idn afieaf aqy cly igaf pr knyzf ivwc vsx vfly BfrqI ipCokV dy lokF aqy AunHF dIaF eyQy jMm pl rhIaF aglIaF pIVHIaF nUM ies idn df cyqf qwk nhIN afieaf. ies hwk leI cflI vrHy Gol krn vfly lokF dy mnF ivwc sI ik ieh idn BfrqI-knyzIanF dy ieiqhfs ivwc sunihrI awKrF ivwc iliKaf jfvygf. ies lMmI jdojihd bfry Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivktorIaf vloN 1947 ivwc CfpI rIport ivwc ies idn dI mhwqqf bfry kuJ ies qrHF iliKaf hY: “2 apRYl df idn sfzI kimAUintI dy ieiqhfs ivwc sdf hI lfl awKrF vfly idn vjoN jfixaf jfvygf. aijhf idn jo sfzy leI zumIinan aqy sUby dy kfnUMnF aDIn knyzIan nfgirkF brfbr isafsI afjLfdI aqy brfbrI lY ky afieaf.”(1) ies leI asIN afpxy PrjL qoN kuqfhI kr rhy hovFgy jy asIN AunHF dy ies afsLy nUM sLrDf dy Puwl nf cVHfey. awj jdoN sfzI afpxI kimAUintI ivcoN knyzf dIaF hr pwDr dIaF srkfrF ivwc cuxy hoey numfieMdy hn aqy sfzy afpxy BfeIcfry ivcoN lok mMqrIaF dy ahuidaF AuWqy hn qF sfzy vfsqy sfzy bjLurgF vloN kIqI ies Gflxf nUM Xfd krnf byhwd jLrUrI ho jFdf hY. sfzf ieh hQlf lyK ies jwdojihd nUM smJx aqy Xfd rwKx df hI iek Xqn hY.
vot df hwk lYx vfsqy sfzI kimAUintI dy vwK vwK lokF ny, vwK vwK qrIikaF nfl, lMmf smF sMGrsL kIqf. ies lMmy sMGrsL ivwc knyzIan BfeIcfry jF gory lokF ivcoN ijwQy keI lok, Kfs kr hukmrfn, aijhy sn jo sfzy vl nPrq vflf njLrIaf aqy vqIrf rwKdy sn AuWQy aijhy lok aqy jQybMdIaF vI sn ijnHF ny vot dy hwk leI jwdojihd ivwc sfzI hr qrHF nfl ihmfieq kIqI. knyzIan smfj ivcly agFhvDU aqy jmUhrIaq psMd lokF, ijnHF ivwc sI[ sI[ aYP[ (koapRyitv kfmnvYlQ PYzrysLn, jo awgy cl ky aYn[ zI[ pI[ pfrtI bxI) vrgIaF isafsI pfrtIaF aqy mjLdUr XUnIanF sLfml sn, vloN 1940ivaF dOrfn kIqI geI ihmfieq bhuq gOlxXog hY. knyzf ivcly sfzy ieiqhfs dy ies kFz bfry bhuq Gwt iliKaf igaf hY. jo kuwJ iliKaf igaf hY Aus ivwc ies jwdojihd dI pUrI qsvIr Aujfgr nhIN huMdI. jy sfzf ieh lyK ies aDUrI aqy DuMdlI qsvIr nUM hor spsLt krn ivwc QoVHf bhuq vI kfmXfb ho jfvy qF asIN smJFgy ik sfzI imhnq vr afeI hY.
ies lyK ivwc asIN knyzf ivclI BfrqI kimAUintI dy vot pfAux dy hwk dy msly dy vwK vwK pihlUaF AuWpr vyrvy sihq rOsLnI pfAux dI koisLsL krFgy. asIN ivcfrFgy ik sfzy lokF dy eyQy afAux ipwCoN kfnUMn bxf ky, AuhnF qoN vot pfAux df hwk ikvyN aqy ikAuN Koihaf igaf; Auh ikhVy afriQk, isafsI jF siBafcfrk kfrn sn ijnHF dy zr qoN knyzf dy hukmrfn sfzy lokF nUM knyzf afAux qoN rokx jF hyTly drjy dy sLihrI bxf ky rwKx vfsqy nsl nUM afDfr bxfAuNdy sn aqy vot df hwk nf hox kfrn BfrqI knyzIan lokF dy rojLfnf jIvn AuWpr iks iksm dy nFh-pwKI asr pYNdy sn? ies qoN awgy asIN ieh dyKFgy ik brqfnvI sfmrfj df aqy Kfs kr Bfrq ivclI aMgRyjLI srkfr df ies msly vwl kI rvweIaf sI aqy AunHF ny knyzf vsdy BfrqIaF vfsqy vot dy hwk dI ikAuN ihmfieq kIqI jdoN ik Auh knyzf, afstRylIaf, inAUjLIlYNz aqy sfAUQ aPrIkf afid zumIinanF dy hfkm goiraF dIaF gYr-goiraF vwl apxfeIaF bfkI sfrIaF nIqIaF dI ihmfieq krdy sn aqy zumIinanF nUM goiraF vfsqy rfKvIaF rwKx dy ierfdy nfl sihmq sn. aKIr ivwc sQfnk BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot df hwk muV pRfpq krn leI lVI lMmI lVfeI dy vwK vwK pihlUaF AuWpr ivcfr kIqI jfvygI. ies dy nfl hI ieh vI dyiKaf jfvygf ik sfzy lokF dy ies sMGrsL ivwc smuwcI knyzIan kimAUintI ivcoN ikhVIaF iDrF ies jwdojihd dy hwk ivwc KVHIaF aqy ikhVIaF iDrF ny ies jwdojihd dI ivroDqf kIqI.

vot df hwk kdoN aqy iks qrHF Koihaf igaf?

jdoN ies sdI dy sLurU ivwc BfrqIaF ny knyzf afAuxf sLurU kIqf qF Auh sB qoN pihlF pwCmI qwt dy sUby ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc afey aqy KyqIbfVI, mwCI AudXog aqy lwkV dIaF imwlF ivwc mjLdUrI krn lwgy. ies sUby dI afbfdI Aus smyN ajy eynI ijLafdf nhIN sI. XUrpIan ipCokV dy lokF dy nfl nfl eyQy kfPI vwzI igxqI ivwc cInI aqy jfpfnI lok vI rih rhy sn. sUby dI afriQkqf ajy eynI ivksq nhIN sI hoeI. KyqIbfVI df, mwCI df aqy kuwJ hwd qwk lwkV df kMm mOsm kfrn sfl df kuwJ ihwsf bMd rihMdf sI. nqIjy vjoN sfl df kfPI ihwsf bhuq lok kMmF qoN ivhly rihMdy sn. imwlF, PfrmF aqy mwCI dIaF kYnrIaF dy mflk aqy smyN dIaF sfry pwDrF dIaF srkfrF afpxy munfPy aqy srdfrI vfsqy gYr-XUrpIan ipCokV dy lokF dI dohrI qIhrI vrqoN krdy sn. iek qF Auh eysLIan mjLdUrF nUM Gwt qnKfh AuWqy rwK ky iswDf munfPf kmfAuNdy; dUjf Auh ienHF nUM kMm dyx dy zrfvy nfl XUrpIan ipCokV dy mjLdUrF nUM vI Gwt qnKfh idMdy aqy GtIaf hflqF ivwc kMm krn leI mjbUr krdy; qIjf jdoN vI byrujLgfrI vwDdI jF iksy iksm dI smfjk, isafsI jF afriQk smwisaf KVHI huMdI qF Auh sfrf ksUr eysLIan afvfsIaF dy isr mVH idMdy.
ies kMm nUM sOKf bxfAux leI XUrpIan bsqIvfdIaF vloN nslI vKryivaF AuWqy afDfirq Auc-nIc dI afpxI pfilsI nUM KulH ky vriqaf jFdf. nsl AuWqy afDfirq ies njLrIey anusfr Auh dunIaF dy hr gYr-icwty iensfn nUM icwty lokF nfloN GtIaf sfbq krdy. ies pYNqVy nUM ies hwd qwk vriqaf jFdf ik loV pYx AuWqy vYnkUvr ivwc jfpfnI aqy cInI lokF dy iKlfP dMgy qwk ho jFdy. afpxIaF kMm dIaF hflqF aqy mjLdUrI nUM ibhqr bxfAux vfsqy XUrpIan ipCokV dy mjLdUrF vloN pfey dbfa kfrn cInI aqy jfpfnI lokF df knyzf ivwc dfKlf ies sdI dy sLurU ivwc kfPI hwd qwk rok idwqf igaf sI. ies rok nfl ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc KyqIbfVI, mwCI AudXog aqy lwkV dIaF imwlF dy mflkF nUM pRfpq mjLdUrF dy pUl ivwc kmI af geI. ies kmI nUM Brn vfsqy pMjfbIaF nUM eyQy dfKl hox idwqf jfx lwgf. pr XUrpIan ipCokV dy mjLdUr pMjfbIaF dy dfKly df vI ivroD krdy sn ikAuNik mflk ienHF nUM vI cInI jF jfpfnI mjLdUrF vFg Ausy mksd leI ilafAuNdy aqy vrqdy sn.
ies iksm dy qlK aqy nPrq Bry vfqfvrn ivwc BfrqIaF ny eyQy afAuxf sLurU kIqf. AunHF afAuNidaF nfl hI hr iksm df nslI ivqkrf hoxf sLurU ho igaf. AunHF dy eyQy dfKly dy iKlfP qF afvfjL AuWTxI hI sI nfl hI, ibRitsL sbjYkt (brqfnvI sfmrfj dI prjf) hox kfrn XUrpIan lokF dy brfbr bxdy BfrqIaF dy hwkF nUM mfnqf dyx dI vI ivroDqf hoxI sLurU ho geI. nqIjy vjoN sMn 1908 ivwc AunHF dy eyQy dfKly ivruwD kfnUMn bxfieaf igaf jo bfad ivwc BfrqIaF vloN kfmfgftf rfhIN vMgfiraf igaf. ies dy nfl hI ijhVy BfrqI eyQy af cuwky sn AunHF koloN eyQoN dy nfgirk hox df hwk kfnUMnI qOr AuWqy Kohy jfx lwgy.
BfrqI lok Aus vyly, brqfnvI sfmrfj df ihwsf hox krky, knyzf ivwc hr pwDr dI srkfr vfsqy vot pfAux df hwk rwKdy sn. pr ibRitsL kolMbIaf dy sUbfeI cox kfnUMn ivwc sMn 1907 qbdIlI kr ky, AunHF koloN ieh hwk Koh ilaf igaf. iPr sMn 1908 nUM imAUNspl pwDr AuWqy vI ienHF nUM vot pfAux qoN ivrvy kr idwqf igaf. ies qrHF hI cInI aqy jfpfnI lokF koloN vI vot pfAux df hwk sMn 1874 aqy sMn 1895 nUM krmvfr Koihaf jf cuwkf sI. bI[ sI[ dy sUbfeI cox kfnUMn ivwc kIqI qbdIlI dy nqIjy vjoN BfrqI lokF nUM knyzf pwDr AuWqy vI vot pfAux df hwk nf irhf ikAuNik AudoN cflU kfnUMn anusfr AuhI ivakqI knyzf pwDr AuWqy vot pf skdf sI ijs nUM sUbfeI pwDr AuWqy vot pfAux df hwk hovy. bysLwk Aus smyN knyzf dy dUjy sUibaF ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot pfAux df hwk sI pr ikAuNik bhuigxqI BfrqI bI[ sI[ ivwc rihMdy sn ies leI iewQoN dI kfnUMnI qbdIlI ny amlI qOr AuWqy knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF dy vot dy hwk df Kfqmf kr idwqf sI.
bI[ sI[ ivwc BfrqIaF qoN vot df hwk Kohx vfsqy muwK qOr AuWqy nslvfdI ivcfrDfrf nUM vriqaf igaf. Audfhrn leI bI[ sI[ lYijslycr ivwc 26 mfrc, 1907 nUM BfrqIaF qoN vot df hwk Kohx sMbMDI kfnUMn nUM pysL kridaF Aus vyly dI kMjLrvyitv srkfr dy ieMtIrIar minstr bfAUjLr ny ikhf:

mYnMU ies gwl dI byhwd inrfsLf hY ik knyzf dI srkfr ny ies iksm dy kfnUMn sMbMDI bVI sKq nIqI apxfeI hoeI hY[[[ pr ies hfAUs dy ilbrlF nMU bynqI krdf hF ik Auh afpxI pfrtI nfloN ies gwl AuWqy inKyVf krn aqy ijMnF vI AunHF dI qfkq ivwc hY ibRitsL kolMbIaf nUM goiraF df dysL kfiem rwKx vfsqy jLor lfAux. (2)

jdoN BfrqI lokF dy ies hwk nUM Koihaf jf irhf sI qF Aus vkq bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ivwc bYTI ivroDI iDr, Aus smyN dI ilbrl pfrtI, vloN vI koeI ivroDqf nf kIqI geI. Aus ny sgoN ies msly nUM bVy hI gYr-sMjIdf qrIky nfl lY ky ies dI pRoVqf kIqI. ivroDI pfrtI dy nyqf zblXU mYkzfnlz ny hwsidaF ikhf, “mYN ieh qF nhIN kihMdf ik imstr bfAUjLr df njLrIaf shI hY pr mYN ies gwl nfl sihmq hF ik ivdysLIaF nUM votr ilst qoN bfhr rwiKaf jfvy.” Aus ny awgy ikhf:

ihMdU, BfvyN ibRitsL sbjYkt hn, pr AunHF ivcoN sYNkiVaF ivcoN iek vI sfzI bolI nhIN bol skdf. nf hI AunHF nUM sfzy kfnUMnF aqy rsmF dI smJ hY [[[ mYN ieh suJfa idaFgf ik srkfr ienHF kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlI ilafvy. ihMdUaF aqy dUjy ivdysLIaF qoN vot pfAux df hwk Koihaf jfvy. sgoN AunHF nUM vI ieh hwk nf idwqf jfvy ijnHF nUM vot prcI pVHnI nf afAuNdI hovy. ijMnf icr ieh kdm nhIN puwitaf jFdf mYN ies hQly kfnUMn dy hwk ivwc afpxI vot pfAuNdf hF. (3)

ies msly AuWpr, bVy hI gYr-sMjIdf mfhOl ivwc, kuwJ hor mYNbrF vloN vI afpxy ivcfr pysL kIqy gey. iek mYNbr ny imstr bfAUjLr nUM ikhf, “jy ihMdU qfkqvr aqy sLkqIsLflI huMdf aqy Aus dI afpxI nyvI huMdI qF vYnkUvr df sInIar mYNbr (imstr bfAUjLr) ies iksm df kdm cuwkx dI kdy pysLksL nf krdf”. (4) hfjLr mYNbrF vloN ies mYNbr dI ies gwl df svfgq hfsy nfl kIqf igaf.
ies qrHF dy nslvfd dI Jlk sMn 1923 ivwc knyzf dI pfrlImYNt ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot dyx sMbMDI cwlI bihs dOrfn vI idKfeI idMdI hY. ies smyN bI[ sI[ dy kYrIbUa ielfky qoN pRogrYisv pfrtI dy cuxy hoey mYNbr imstr mYkbrfeIz ny BfrqIaF nUM vot pfAux df hwk dyx dI ivroDqf kridaF ikhf:

asIN nhIN cfhuMdy ik ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc hor ihMdU afAux. mYN knyzf dy kfnUMnF dI Aus qoN vwD kdy vI kImq mihsUs nhIN kIqI jdoN vYnkUvr dI bMdrgfh ivwc ihMdUaF nfl Biraf jhfjL afieaf sI, ijs nUM mulk ivwc dfKl hox qoN rok idwqf igaf sI aqy srkfr ny vfps Byj idwqf sI. mYN afs krdf hF ik ieh srkfr vI Ausy hI ierfdy AuWqy kfiem rhygI. ibRitsL kolMbIaf dy qwt AuWqy sfzy kol cIny aqy jfpfnI hn ijhVy sfzy stor sFBI bYTy hn. Auh gory lokF nUM bfhr kwZ rhy hn. sfzy kol XunfnI hn ijhVy sfzy hotl sFBI bYTy hn aqy XhUdI sfzy sYikMz hYNz storF dy mflk bxy hoey hn aqy hux kuwJ lok ihMdUaF nUM ilafAuxf cfhuMdy hn qF ik Auh sfzIaF imwlF sFB lYx.[[[” (5)

Ausy sfl, XfnI ik nvMbr 1923 ivwc bI[ sI[ dI srkfr ny BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx ivurwD iek bhuq sKq rYjLUlysLn pfs kIqf. ibRitsL kolMbIaf dI srkfr vloN zumInIan (knyzf) srkfr nUM sfvDfn krn vfsqy ies rYjLUlysLn ivwc ikhf igaf:

“ieh rYjLUlysLn afriQk aqy smfjk aDfr AuWqy ErIaYNtl lokF nUM sUby dIaF jF zumIinan dIaF coxF ivwc vot pfAux df hwk idwqy jfx dy sKq ivruwD hY. ies krky knyzf dI srkfr nUM bynqI krdf hY ik aijhf koeI kdm nf cuwky ijhVf sUby dy vot dyx dy hwkF ivwc dKl-aMdfjLI krdf hovy. ies qoN awgy srkfr nUM bynqI krdf hY ik jdoN Auh vot dy hwk nUM pRBfisLq krn qF Auh ErIaYNtl lokF nUM vot df hwk nf dyx.” (6)

ies rYjUlysLn dI ihmfieq kridaF KfxF dy minstr afnrybl ivlIam slon ny ikhf, “ijwQy qwk vot df svfl hY asIN afpxy Gr ivwc KudmuKiqafr hF. aqy asIN ibRitsL kolMbIaf sUby nUM goiraF vfsqy rfKvF rwKx dy hwk ivwc KVHy hF. (sLbdF AuWqy jLor sfzf)” (7)
iehnF AudfhrnF qoN sfP jLfhr hY ik knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF qoN vot df hwk Kohx ipwCy nslvfdI njLrIaf kMm krdf sI. ies nslvfdI vqIry df muwK mksd knyzf ivwc gory lokF dI isafsI aqy afriQk srdfrI nUM kfiem rwKxf sI.

vot df hwk nf hox dy asr

knyzf ivwc vot df hwk nf hox dy BfrqI-knyzIan lokF AuWpr keI qrHF dy asr pYNdy sn. pihlf, ies hwk dy nf hox kfrn Auh knyzf dI isafsq ivwc iksy qrHF df vI ihwsf nhIN sn lY skdy. knyzf dIaF iqMnF pwDrF dIaF srkfrF (zumIinan, sUby aqy imAUNspl) dy numfieMidaF nUM cuxn ivwc AuhnF nUM iksy qrHF df aiDkfr nhIN sI. ies dy nfl hI iehnF srkfrF dy numfieMidaF vjoN cuxy jfx leI cox nhIN lV skdy sn. nqIjy vjoN Auh knyzf dIaF iqMnF pwDrF dIaF srkfrF vloN bxfey jFdy kfnUMnF, ijhnF df AuhnF dy jIvn nfl iswDf sMbMD sI, ivwc iksy asrdfr ZMg nfl dKlaMdfjLI nhIN kr skdy sn.
dUsrf, vot df hwk nf hox kfrn knyzf dy BfrqIaF AuWpr keI qrHF dIaF bMdsLF sn. ijvyN: Auh iksy ijAUrI AuWqy nhIN bYT skdy sn; pbilk vrks izpfrtmYNt dy TykydfrF kol kMm nhIN sn kr skdy. Auh vkIl, Pfrmfisst, skUl borz dy trwstI afid nhIN bx skdy sn. smuwcy rUp ivwc, vot df aiDkfr nf hox kfrn, BfrqIaF AuWpr ies qrHF dIaF 26 pfbMdIaF sn. (8)
qIsrf, knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF kol isafsI aiDkfrF dy nf hox nUM knyzIan srkfr vloN BfrqIaF dy knyzf afAux AuWqy rok lfAux leI iek dlIl vjoN vriqaf jFdf sI. knyzIan ieMmIgrysLn aYkt knyzf ivwc AuhnF lokF dy dfKly AuWqy pfbMdI lfAuNdf sI ijhnF nUM knyzf ivwc nfgirkF dy PrjL aqy ijLMmyvfrIaF inBfAux dy kfbl nhIN smiJaf jFdf sI. (9)
knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF qoN vot df hwk Kohy jfx dy nfl hI AuhnF nUM vot df hwk muV idwqy jfx dI mMg AuWTx lwgI. aijhI mMg krn vfilaF ivwc sQfnk BfrqI kimAUintI dy nfl nfl brqfnvI sfmrfj aqy AuhnF dy BfrqI numfieMdy vI sLfml sn. ieh mMg krn ipwCy iehnF dohF iDrF dy vwK vwK mksd sn. iek pfsy brqfnvI sfmrfj aqy Aus dy numfieMdy BfrqIaF nUM knyzf ivwc vot df hwk muV dyx dI mMg ies krky krdy sn ik aijhf nf hox nfl Bfrq ivwc aMgRyjLF dy rfj ivruwD guwsf pYdf huMdf sI. dUjy pfsy knyzf dy sQfnk BfrqI vot dy hwk dI mMg ies krky krdy sn ik Auh knyzf dy dUsry nfgirkF dy brfbr ho ky ijAuxf cfhuMdy sn. dohF iDrF dy mksd vwKry vwKry hox krky AuhnF vloN ies sMbMD ivwc apxfeI jFdI phuMc vI vwKrI vwKrI sI. ies leI asIN AuhnF dohF dy rol nUM vwKry vWKry ihwsy ivwc ivcfrFgy.

brqfnvI sfmrfj aqy Aus dy numfieMidaF dI BfrqI-knyzIanF dy vot dy hwk bfry icMqf

Bfrq dI afjLfdI dI lihr dy ieiqhfs ivwc keI aijhIaF AudfhrnF iml jFdIaF hn jo dsdIaF hn ik Bfrq qoN bfhr brqfnvI sfmrfj ivwc vsdy BfrqIaF nfl huMdI bdslUkI nUM afjLfdI sMgrfmIey Bfrq ivwc aMgRyjLF ivurwD bgfvq dI icxg pYdf krn leI vrqdy sn. knyzf ivwc kfmfgftfmfrU jhfjL dy musfPrF nfl hoeI bdslUkI nUM gdrIaF vloN aMgryjLI rfj ivruwD roh pYdf krn leI vrqxf ies dI iek vDIaf Audfhrn khI jf skdI hY. aijhIaF gqIivDIaF nUM dyKidaF Bfrq dy gory hfkmF aqy AuhnF dy pRqIinDF nUM zr sI ik knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF kol vot df hwk nf hox nfl Bfrq ivwc goiraF dy rfj ivruwD guwsf BVk skdf hY jF Bfrq dy afjLfdI sMgrfmIey ies bdslUkI nUM vI Bfrq ivwc aMgryjLI rfj ivruwD bgfvq PYlfAux leI vrq skdy hn. iehI kfrn sI ik Bfrq dy gory hfkm ies siQqI qoN icMqfgRsq sn. ies icMqf aDIn Auh knyzf dy BfrqIaF leI vot dy hwk dI mMg krdy sn. ies hI icMqf dy iswty vjoN Bfrq dI gorI srkfr dy numfieMidaF vloN lMzn ivwc 10 zfAUinMg strIt AuWqy 20 jUn, 1921 nUM hoeI ieMmpIrIal kfnPrMs dOrfn knyzf ivwc rihMdy BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk imlx dy sMbMD ivwc svfl AuTfieaf igaf aqy iek mqf pfs kIqf igaf. ieh mqf brqfnvI sfmfrj dy dUjy BfgF ijvyN knyzf, afstRylIaf, inAUjLIlYNz aqy sfAUQ aPrIkf afid ivwc BfrqIaF nUM nf imldy hwkF bfry icMqf jLfihr krdf hY aqy ibRitsL kfmnvYlQ dI eykqf dy nukqy qoN BfrqIaF nUM iehnF dysF ivwc nfgirkqf idwqy jfx dI KfihsL jLfihr krdf hY. (10)
ieWQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik jdoN ieMmpIrIal kfnPrMs dy 1921 dy iejlfs ivwc ieh mqf pfs kIqf igaf Aus smyN pMjfb dy duafbf ielfky ivwc bwbr akflI lihr aMgRyjLF aqy Aus dy dysI kirMidaF dy iKlfP hiQafrbMd Gol lV rhI sI. ies lihr AuWpr gdr lihr df asr hI nhIN sI sgoN Aus lihr dy kuwJ lok vI bwbrF ivwc sLfml sn. ies qoN ieh gwl sfP jLfihr huMdI hY ik aMgRyjL srkfr nUM BfrqI lokF ivwc pYdf ho rhI bycYnI df iPkr sI. aMgRyjL srkfr nUM ies gwl df zr sI ik sfmrfj dy dUjy BfgF ivwc BfrqIaF nfl huMdy durivvhfr nfl BfrqIaF dI bycYnI ivwc vfDf ho skdf hY. ies iPkr nUM dUr krn vfsqy aMgRyjL srkfr dy BfrqI numfieMdy vI[ aYWs[ sRI invfs sLfsqrI, ijhVf ik ibRitsL pirvI kONsl df mYNbr sI, nUM 1922 ivwc sfmrfj dy iehnF ihwisaF df dOrf krn vfsqy Byijaf igaf.
sRI invfs sLfsqrI ny knyzf ivwc afpxy dOry dOrfn vwK vwK pwDr dIaF srkfrF nfl mulfkfqF kIqIaF aqy knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nfl huMdy ivqkry dy iswty vjoN Bfrq ivwc gorI srkfr nUM af rhIaF musLklF dI gwl kIqI. aijhI hI iek mulfkfq Aus vloN 19 agsq, 1922 vfly idn ivktorIaf ivwc bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar imstr ElIvr nfl vI kIqI geI. ies mulfkfq ivwc imstr sLfsLqrI ny pRImIar ElIvr nUM ikhf ik “ibRitsL sbjYkt hox kfrn ieQy rih rhy BfrqIaF nUM vot df aiDkfr imlxf cfhIdf hY.” jvfb ivwc pRImIar ElIvr ny Aus nUM Brosf idvfieaf ik Auh aqy Aus dI kYbint “mulk dy ihq dy njLrIey qoN ies suJfa bfry socxgy.”(11) pr aslIaq ivwc bI[ sI[ dI srkfr ny sLfsqrI dy ies suJfa dy hwk ivwc koeI hF-pwKI amlI kdm nhIN cuwikaf. sgoN sMn 1923 ivwc bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ny BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx dy ivruwD iek sKq mqf pfs kIqf ijs dI crcf pihlF kIqI jf cuwkI hY.
sLfsqrI dI jF Aus smyN dI BfrqI aMgRyjL srkfr dI mMg bVI CotI aqy iswDI sI. Auh isrP eynf cfhuMdy sn ik ijhVy BfrqI iehnF dysLF ivwc kfnUMnI qOr AuWqy af ky rihx lwg pey sn, AuhnF nUM ibRitsL sbjYkt hox krky, pUry nfgirkF vfly aiDkfr idwqy jfx. sfmrfj dy iehnF BfgF dy gory hfkmF dI afpxy mulkF nUM ‘isrP goiraF vfsqy rfKvyN rwKx dI KfihsL’ nfl Auh aMdroN sihmq sn aqy AuhnF nUM ies gwl df XkIn duafAux df pUrf Xqn krdy sn. Audfhrn leI prYWs nfl gwlbfq kridaF imstr sLfsqrI ny ikhf, “iek smJOqy anusfr iksy vI BfrqI nUM kYnyzf ivwc pwky qOr AuWqy af ky rihx dI iejfjLq nhIN. hux ieMmIgrysLn dy svfl nUM duafrf ivcfrn dI gwl krky BfrqI aiDkfrI Aus smJOqy nUM qoVn dI koisLsL nhIN kr skdy. (12) ieWQy imstr sLfsqrI sLfied Aus smJOqy jF kfnUMn dI gwl kr irhf sI ijhVf Bfrq srkfr ny sMn 1918 ivwc pfs kIqf sI. Aus kfnUMn anusfr, “(Bfrq) ivwcoN koeI vI ivakqI (sMn 1918) qoN bfad iksy vI zumIinan nUM kMm krn jF pwky qOr AuWqy rihx leI nhIN jf skdf sI[[[.”(13)
sRIinvfs sLfsqrI dy knyzf afAux df asr ieh hoieaf ik knyzIan isafsqdfnF nUM, Kfs krky zumIinan (knyzf) pwDr AuWqy, ies msly vwl iDafn dyxf ipaf. Aus vloN knyzIan srkfr nUM kIqI apIl aqy sfl pihlF lMzn ivwc pfs hoey mqy dy iswty vjoN knyzf dI pfrlImYNt ivwc 29 jUn, 1923 vfly idn ies msly AuWqy BKvIN bihs cwlI. ikAUibk qoN ilbrl pfrtI dy aYWm[ pI[ imstr jYkbs ny pfrlImYNt ivwc mslf AuTfieaf ik ieMpIrIal kfnPrMs ivwc pfs kIqy mqy anusfr knyzf ivwc vsdy BfrqIaF nUM ibRitsL sbjYkt hox krky vot dyx df hwk idwqf jfxf cfhIdf hY. Aus vloN AuTfey ies msly dI sKq ivroDqf hoeI ijhVI BfrqIaF ivruwD nslvfdI aihsfsF nfl BrI hoeI sI ijs bfry pihlF vI gwl kIqI jf cuwkI hY. ivroDqf krn vfly muwK qOr AuWqy ibRitsL kolMbIaf sUby dy aYWm pI imstr nIl aqy imstr mYkbrfeIz sn. imstr nIl ny ieh kih ky msly nUM Kqm krn dI koisLsL kIqI ik ieh mslf kyNdrI srkfr nfl sMbMD nhIN rwKdf. Auhny ikhf: “ieh zumIinan df mslf nhIN hY. ieh ibRitsL kolMbIaf dy smwisaf hY [[[ ies smwisaf nUM sfnUM ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc hI hwl krnf cfhIdf hY.”(14)
bI[ sI[ dy dUjy aYWm pI imstr mYkbrfeIz dy ivcfr nslI nPrq nfl gRsy hoey sn. ijs dy pRqIkrm vjoN sI[ sI[ aYWP[ dy mYNbr imstr jy vuzjLvrQ ny BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI ihmfieq kridaF ikhf: “ mYnUM lwgdf hY ik ies iksm dI sOVI nslI kwtVqf nfl asIN iksy isry nhIN lwg skdy [[[ myrf ivsLvfs hY ik iehnF gwlF nfl inptx vfsqy sfnUM sOVy ivqkry Bry njLrIey qoN AuWcy AuWTxf cfhIdf hY aqy iehnF AuWpr [[[ sMsfr pwDr dy njLrIey qoN dyKxf cfhIdf hY.”(15)
ies hI qrHF sqMbr 1928 ivwc brqfnvI sfmrfj dI pfrlImYNtrI aYsosIeysLn dy iqMn mYNbr - dIvfn bhfdur jI[ ey[ nyqsn, dIvfn sI[ lfl aqy tI[ sI[ gosvfmI - bI[ sI[ ivwc afey. AuhnF vI afpxI PyrI dOrfn knyzIan pRYWs ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI gwl kIqI. bI[ sI[ dI kYbint nfl kIqI mIitMg ivwc AuhnF isrP eynf hI puwiCaf ik “kI ieWQy BfrqIaF nUM vot pfAux df hwk hY jF nhIN?” jdoN AuhnF nUM ieh dwisaf igaf ik BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk nhIN hY qF ies qoN bfad AuhnF ies bfry muV gwl nhIN kIqI.”(16) agsq 1932 ivwc iek brqfnvI zYlIgysLn knyzf dy dOry AuWqy afieaf. ies zYlIgysLn dy muKI sr aqul cYtrjI ny knyzf dI srkfr nfl iml ky knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nMU vot df hwk dyx dI gwl kIqI. knyzIan srkfr dy numfieMidaF ny Aus nUM ies bfry ivcfr krn df Brosf idvfieaf. (17)
brqfnvI sfmrfj dy numfieMdy knyzf aqy bI[ sI[ srkfrF dy pRqIinDF nfl iml ky AuhnF awgy bynqI krdy sn ik Auh BfrqIaF nUM vot df aiDkfr dy dyx. Auh kdy vI knyzf aqy bI[ sI[ srkfr dI nslpRsqI vwl iesLfrf nhIN krdy sn. asl ivwc Auh hfkm goiraF dI hI bolI boldy sn, AunHF dy hI hotlF ivwc Tihrdy aqy AuhnF dIaF hI styjF, ijvyN lfienjL klwb afid, qoN boldy sn. ieh gwl sfP sI ik bfhr vsdy BfrqI lokF nfl huMdIaF vDIkIaF dI AuhnF nUM icMqf nhIN sI pr AuhnF vDIkIaF dy iswty vjoN Bfrq ivwc PYldI bycYnI AuhnF vfsqy icMqf dI gwl sI. so BfrqI lokF nUM kfbU ivwc rwKx dI mjbUrI krky gorI srkfr nUM bfhr vsdy BfrqIaF dy hwkF dI gwl krnI pY rhI sI. iewQy ies gwl qoN vI ienkfr nhIN kIqf jf skdf ik ikAuNik BfrqI gorI srkfr dy numfieMdy sfmrfj dIaF dUjIaF srkfrF vfsqy vI mhwqqf rwKdy sn, ies krky AuhnF dI afvfjL dy PlsrUp vot dy hwk vrgy msly nUM vwzI pwDr AuWqy mhwqqf pRfpq huMdI sI. knyzf ivwc vsdI BfrqI BfrqI kimAUnintI ivwcoN afpxy hwkF vfsqy jwdojihd kr rhy lok vI ies gwl nUM pUrI qrHF smJdy sn. ies mksd leI Auh iehnF numfieMidaF nUM keI vfrI Kud vI bolx leI swdy idMdy sn aqy AuhnF dy ikrfey aqy hotlF afid ivwc rihx dy Krcy vgYrf vI idMdy sn.

sQfnk BfrqI kimAUintI vloN jwdojihd

sQfnk BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot df hwk lYx leI lVI 40 sfl lMmI lVfeI dOrfn BfrqI kimAUintI ny ies jwdojihd dy vwKry vwKry pVfvF AuWqy, smyN dIaF vwK vwK hflqF anusfr, vwKry vwKry ZMgF aqy dlIlF df shfrf ilaf. ies dOrfn knyzf dy BfrqIaF nUM bfr bfr, moV moV AuWqy asPlqf df sfhmxf krnf ipaf, pr AuhnF ny kfmXfb hox qwk lVnf nhIN Cwizaf. jy asIN ies qwq nUM iDafn ivwc rwKIey ik sMn 1942-47 dOrfn jdoN vot leI hwk dI lVfeI isKr AuWqy sI, Aus vyly vwKrIaF vwKrIaF irportF muqfbk bI[ sI[ ivwc BfrqIaF dI kuwl igxqI msF 1000 - 1700 ivckfr sI qF ies gwl dI mhwqqf hor vI vWD jFdI hY. ies lMmI jwdojihd dOrfn knyzf dy BfrqIaF ny iek pfsy ihMdusqfn rih cuwky aqy ibRitsL sfmrfj dy vPfdfr aMgRyjLF dI aqy dUsry pfsy knyzf aqy Kfs krky bI[ sI[ dI mjLdUr lihr aqy sosLilst ivcfr rwKx vfly lokF dI mdd leI. iek pfsy BfrqI kimAUintI bI[ sI[ dy isafsI lIzrF nUM iml ky, ptIsLnF dy ky vot df hwk mMgdI sI qF dUjy pfsy loV pYx AuWqy isafsI lIzrF nUM cuxOqI dyxoN vI nhIN iJjkdI sI.
ilKqI aqy prYWs irportF ivwc vot df hwk nf hox ivruwD BfrqIaF vloN cuwky pihly kdm dI gwl hsn rhIm qoN sLurU huMdI hY. BfrqIaF vloN pRkfisLq kIqy jFdy aKbfr “dI afrIan” ivwc CpI iek irport muqfbk, sMn 1911 ivwc hsn rhIm ny vYnkUvr dIaF imAuNspl coxF ivwc vot pfeI. Aus df mwq sI ik ibRitsL sbjYkt hox dy nfqy Aus nUM vot pfAux df hwk hfsl sI. pr sQfnk kfnUMn dIaF njLrF ivwc ieh kMm gYr-kfnUMnI hox krky Aus AuWpr mukwdmf clfieaf igaf. ivlIam hfpiknsn dI sLih AuWqy clfey ies mukwdmy ivcoN hsn rhIm brI ho igaf. hsn rhIm vloN ies qrHF krn nfl vot dy hwk df mslf AuWBr ky sfhmxy afieaf.(18)
ies qoN bfad ieh mslf sMn 1920 qoN bfad muV AuBiraf aqy sMn 1947 qwk ieh iksy nf iksy rUp ivwc BKdf irhf. vot df hwk lYx leI BfrqIaF vloN keI qrHF dIaF dlIlF vrqIaF jFdIaF sn. sB qoN pihlF, BfrqIaF df mwq sI ik Auh ibRitsL sbjYkt hn ies leI AuhnF nUM vot df hwk hoxf cfhIdf hY aqy AuhnF ny ies mwq nUM lgfqfr afpxI jwdojihddf ihwsf bxfieaf. Audfhrn leI, 9 apRYl 1927 nUM knyzf df gvrnr jnrl vfeIkfAuNt ivilMgzn vYnkUvr dy dOry AuWqy afieaf. ies smyN BfrqI kimAUintI vloN iek awT mYNbrI-kmytI ny gvrnr jnrl nUM iml ky iek ptIsLn idwqI. ies ptIsLn ivwc mMg kIqI geI sI ik ikAuNik knyzf ivwc rih rhy BfrqI ibRitsL sbjYkt hn, ies leI AuhnF nUM knyzf ivwc nfgirkF vfly aiDkfr idwqy jfx.(19) afAux vfly smyN ivwc ieh dlIl bfr bfr duhrfeI jFdI rhI.
vot df hwk lYx leI BfrqIaF vloN dUsrI dlIl ieh vrqI jFdI sI ik BfrqIaF ny brqfnvI sfmrfj leI afpxf lhU zoilaf hY. apRYl 1927 ivwc vfeIkfAuNt ivilMgzn awgy pysL kIqI ptIsLn ivwc vI ieh dlIl idwqI geI sI. bfad ivwc vI jdoN vot df hwk lYx leI BfrqIaF dy zYlIgysLn bI[ sI[ dI srkfr dy numfieMidaF nUM imldy qF iehnF zYlIgysLnF ivwc aMgryjLF dI POj ivwc rih cuwky POjIaF nUM vI sLfml kIqf jFdf sI. Audfhrn leI, 2 mfrc 1943 nUM vot dy hwk dy sMbMD ivwc bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar jfhn hfrt nUM imlx vfly zYlIgysLn ivwc iqMn POjI sLfml sn. iehnF ivwcoN iek, bfhU isMG, pihlI sMsfr jMg ivwc lV cuwkf sI. dUsry do - PMgn isMG aqy jI[ aYs[ bfdl, Aus smyN knyzIan POj ivwc BrqI sn. BfrqIaF dy hmdrd aMgryjL jo ihMdusqfn ivwc rih cuwky sn vI ies dlIl nUM jLor sLor nfl vrqdy sn. 28 agsq 1942 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc iek mIitMg ivwc bolidaF sr rObrt hflYNz ny ikhf, “ieh gwl bVI byiensfPI vflI hY ik BfrqI lok knyzf dy POjIaF nfl moZy nfl moZf joV ky lVn nUM iqafr hn pr knyzf dy mfmilaF ivwc dKl dyx leI AuhnF kol koeI avfjL nhIN.”(20)
asl ivwc BfrqI lokF nUM ies gwl df bhuq guwsf sI ik ijs sfmrfj dI rwiKaf leI Auh afpxIaF jfnF vfrn nUM iqafr sn, Aus sfmrfj ivwc AuhnF nfl brfbrI df slUk nhIN kIqf jFdf sI. jdoN dUsrI jMg smyN, knyzf ivwc rih rhy BfrqI jvfnF nUM, knyzIan POj ivwc jLbrI BrqI hox dIaF icwTIaF afAux lwgIaF qF kimAUintI ivwc ieh guwsf bhuq vwD igaf. kimAUintI df ivcfr sI ik jy knyzIan srkfr BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx leI iqafr nhIN qF ies srkfr nUM koeI hwk nhIN ik Auh knyzIan-BfrqI jvfnF nUM POj ivwc jLbrI BrqI hox leI khy. ies sMbMD ivwc akqUbr 1942 ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI vloN Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ny knyzf dy izPYNs minstrI awgy sKq ros pRgt kIqf.(21)
smyN dIaF hflqF nUM smJdy hoey, ros pRgt krn dy nfl nfl, BfrqI kimAUintI ny jLbrI BrqI dy mfmly nUM vot df hwk lYx leI vrqx df vI PYslf kIqf. sMn 1942 ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy nF AuWqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vloN bI[ sI[ aqy knyzf dI srkfr nUM iek ptIsLn ByjI geI. ies ptIsLn ivwc muwK qOr AuWqy ieh ikhf igaf sI ik BfrqI lok knyzf dy vPfdfr hn aqy loV pYx AuWqy ies dysL leI afpxIaF jfnF vI vfrn nUM iqafr hn. pr Auh ieh mihsUs krdy hn ik jy AuhnF qoN ibRitsL sbjYkt dy PrjL inBfAux dI afs kIqI jFdI hY qF AuhnF nUM ibRitsL sbjYktF dy hwk vI imlxy cfhIdy hn. (22)
knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI vloN BfrqI jvfnF dI knyzIan POj ivwc jLbrI BrqI nUM vot dy hwk nfl joVn dI dlIl nUUM bhuigxqI BfeIcfry dy vwzy ihwsy dI ihmfieq hfsl sI. Audfhrn leI, ies dlIl nUM afDfr bxf ky vYnkUvr qoN Cpx vfly do aKbfrF - vYnkuvr inAUjL hYrlz aqy vYnkuvr zylI pROivMs - ny BfrqIaF dy hwk ivwc sMpfdkI ilKy. 13 akqUbr 1942 nUM vYnkUvr zylI pROivMs dI sMpfdkI ivwc ies qrHF iliKaf hY:

eIst ieMzIanF dIaF kuwJ dlIlF bhuq jfiejL hn. AuhnF df kihxf hY ik Auh ibRitsL sbjYkt hn. Auh kihMdy hn ik Auh vPfdfr hn aqy ies (dfavy) dy ivruwD QoVHI ijMnI vI gvfhI nf hox kfrn, ieh mMn lYxf cfhIdf hY ik Auh vPfdfr hn. Auh kihMdy hn ik jy AuhnF nUM nfgirkqf dy idwqI jfvy qF Auh iksy vI qrHF knyzf dy syvf krn ivwc KusLI mihsUs krngy. nfgirkF dy aiDkfr nf hox dy bfvjUd AuhnF ivwcoN keIaF AuWpr jLbrI BrqI lfgU kIqI geI hY. AuhnF df kihxf hY ik ieh jfiejL nhIN. [[[ ies sUby ivwc eIst ieMzIan sMn 1908 qoN vot dy hwk dI mMg kr rhy hn. jy ieh (mMg) kdy vI svIkfr krnI hY qF hux, jdoN ik ies qoN vwzf isafsI lfB ilaf jf skdf hY, sB qoN shI smF hY.(23)


ihMdusqfn ivwc ajLfdI dI lVfeI kfrn pYdf hoeI isafsI asiQrqf nUM vI knyzIan-BfrqI kimAUintI iek dill vjoN vrqdI sI. sMn 1942-43 ivwc ihMdusqfn ivwc ‘Bfrq Cwzo’ aMdoln jLorF AuWqy sI. sMn 1942 ivwc bI[ sI[ aqy knyzf dI srkfr nUM idwqI ptIsLn ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy lIzrF dI iek dlIl ieh vI sI ik knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyxf ihMdusqfn ivwc isafsI gVbV nUM sLFq krn ivwc shfeI ho skdf hY.(24)
aglI dlIl jo knyzIan BfrqI kimAUintI vot df hwk lYx leI vrqdI sI, Auh sI knyzf dI AusfrI ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI df Xogdfn. BfrqI kimAUintI dI ieh dlIl sI ik BfrqI lok knyzf ivwc cMgy sLihrIaF vjoN rihMdy sn, knyzf dI srkfr nUM tYks idMdy sn aqy knyzf dy afriQk ivkfs ivwc ihwsy afAuNdf Xogdfn pf rhy sn. ies sMbMD ivwc 9 apRYl 1927 nUM BfrqI kimAUintI vloN knyzf dy gvrnr jnrl vfeIkfAuNt ivilMgzn nUM idwqI ptIsLn ivwc ies qrHF iliKaf hY:

hux knyzf ivwc 1100 dy lwgBg (BfrqI mUl dy) ibRitsL sbjYkt rihMdy hn. [[[ iehnF ivwcoN bhuqy knyzf ivwc vIh-pwcI sflF qoN rih rhy hn. ies smyN dOrfn AuhnF ny vwzI igxqI ivwc jLmIn KrIdI aqy suDfrI hY. ies qoN ibnF AuhnF ny keI mhwqvpUrn aqy KusLhfl snaqF nUM Ausfiraf hY. vwzI igxqI ivwc tYks adf kIqf hY aqy ies dy nfl nfl (nvyN) apxfey dysL ivwc cMgy aqy imhnqI nfgirkF vFg rih rhy hn. (25)

iPr cflIivaF ivwc vI ieh dlIl bfr bfr vrqI jFdI rhI. Audfhrn leI, 2 mfrc 1943 nUM BfrqI kimAUintI aqy Aus dy hmdrdF df iek zYlIgysLn bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar jfhn hfrt nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn dy mYNbr sn: nigMdr isMG igwl, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI df sYktrI; nirMjn isMG, Kflsf dIvfn df pRYjLIzYNt; drsLn isMG sMGf (jo bfad ivwc pMjfb dI isafsq ivwc drsLn isMG kYnyzIan vjoN msLhUr hoey); hjLfrf isMG grcf; hrnfm isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivktorIaf df pRYjLIzYNt; dIdfr isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI df KjLfncI; arjn isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI df AuWp KjLfncI; mihMdr isMG; PMgn isMG; jI[ aYWs[ bfdl; bfhU isMG; sr rObrt hflYNz aqy ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[) dy izsitRkt nMbr 1 df pRYjLIzYNt hYrlz pirct. zYlIgysLn dI bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar nfl hoeI mIitMg dOrfn Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy sYktrI nigMdr isMG igwl ny brIP pVHidaF ikhf:

asIN iemfndfrI nfl nfgirkF dy PrjL aqy ijLMmyvfrIaF inBfAux dI koisLsL kIqI hY, pr sfnUM nfgirkqf df lokqMqrI aiDkfr nhIN idwqf igaf. sfzf dfavf hY ik sfnUM ieh hwk nf dyx dI Auicqqf qrk aqy dlIl qoN korI hY. [[[ asIN lok purfxI aqy lokqMqirk prMprf dy DfrnI hF. asIN jmUhrIaq dy asUlF aqy afjLfdIaF ivwc XkIn rwKdy hF aqy AuhnF leI lVn nUM iqafr hF.[[[ asIN cfhuMdy hF ik sfzy bwcy knyzIan kimAUintI dy siqkfrXog mYNbrF df rol adf krdy hoey cMgy knyzIan aqy ijLMmyvfr sLihrIaF dy qOr `qy vwzy hox.(26)


ies hI qrHF 16 sqMbr 1947 nUM hYrIsn hft spirMgjL ivKy bI[ sI[ dIaF imAUNspYltIaF dI XUnIan dI mIitMg ivwc BfrqIaF knyzIanF nUM imAUNspYl pwDr AuWqy vot df aiDkfr dyx dy hwk ivwc bolidaF zf: pFzIaf ny ikhf ik BfrqI lok jfiedfdF dy mflk hn aqy tYks idMdy hn. zYmokrysI df asUl hY ik numfieMdgI dy hwk qoN ibnF tYks nhIN lwgxf cfhIdf. BfrqIaF ny knyzf dI afriQkqf, Kfs krky lwkV aqy KyqIbfVI dy iKqy df ivkfs krn ivwc, iek moZI rol inBfieaf hY. BfrqI lok vPfdfr lok hn aqy AuhnF ny CyvyN vfiesrfey dy bFzF ivwc awDy imlIan (5 lwK) qoN vwD zflr lfey hn aqy AuhnF ny rYWz krfs aqy hspqflF leI idl KolH ky dfn idwqf hY.(27)
ijwQy Bfrq ivclI aMgryjLI srkfr dy numfieMdy knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF leI isrP nfgirkqf dy aiDkfrF dI hI gwl krdy sn AuWQy knyzf dI sQfnk BfrqI kimAUintI nfgirkqf dy aiDkfrF dy nfl nfl knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vDyry ieMmIgrysLn dyx dI vI mMg krdI sI. Audfhrn leI, 9 apRYl 1927 ivwc vfeIkfAuNt ivilMgzn awgy pysL kIqI ptIsLn ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI ny hr sfl kuJ BfrqIaF nUM knyzf ivwc afAux dyx aqy ividafrQIaF aqy vpfrIaF AuWqy lfeIaF bMdsLF nUM nrm krn dI mMg kIqI sI.(28)
vot df hwk lYx leI lVI lMmI aqy aOKI lVfeI dOrfn knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI ny kimAUintI qoN bfhr dy lokF, dosqF aqy hmdrdF nfl sMbMD sQfpq kIqy aqy AuhnF qoN mdd leI. ies lMmI lVfeI ivwc knyzf dI bhuigxqI kimAUintI ivcoN mdd krn vfly lokF ivwc sosLilst jQybMdIaF, tryz XUnIan lihr, sI[ sI[ aYWP[ pfrtI, lybr prfgrYisv pfrtI, crcF, tIcrF dIaF aYsosIeysLnF afid sLfml sn. jQybMdIaF qoN ibnF Aus smyN dy keI AuWGy knyzIan lokF ny vI ies Gol ivwc BfrqIaF dI mdd kIqI.(29)
bysLwk knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF vloN vot df hwk lYx dI jwdojihd lMmf smF cwlI pr ies lihr df isKr sMn 1942-47 dy ivckfr sI. Aus smyN dOrfn BfrqI kimAUintI nUM sI[ sI[ aYP[ pfrtI aqy tryz XUnIan lihr vloN jo mdd imlI Aus df ijLkr asIN QoVy ivsQfr ivwc krnf cfhFgy ikAuNik sfzy iKafl ivwc AuhnF vloN imlI mdd ny ies jwdojihd ivwc PYslfkuMn rol adf kIqf. sI[ sI[ aYP[ pfrtI dy numfieMdy knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk imlx dy msly nUM bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ivwc lY ky gey aqy Aus dy hwk ivwc boly. sI[ sI[ aYP[ pfrtI dy rol bfry gwl kridaF, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivktorIaf dy pRYjLIzYNt hrnfm isMG aqy sYktrI suMdr isMG susfietI vloN sMn 1947 ivwc CfpI afpxI irport ivwc ies qrHF ilKdy hn:

BfvyN asIN vot dy kfnUMn ivwc qbdIlI ilafAux leI aMdoln krdy rhy, pr ieh mslf Aus smyN qwk BKvF mslf nhIN bixaf jdoN qwk sosLilst pfrtI - dI koapRyitv kfmnvYlQ PYzrysLn - ny nslI ivqkrf Kqm krn leI ies nUM afpxy pRogrfm df muwK mslf nhIN bxf ilaf.(30)

9 mfrc 1944 nUM vYnkUvr eIst qoN sI[ sI[ aYP[ dy asMblI mYNbr zbilAU[ zbilAU[ lIPYks ny asMblI ivwc bI[ sI[ ielYksLn aYkt ivwc iek qrmIm pysL kIqI qF ik knyzf dy BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk idwqf jf sky. vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYP[ dI asMblI mYNbr sLRI mqI lfrf jymIsn ies qrmIm dy hwk ivwc bolI. pr ieh qrmIm pfs nf ho skI ikAuNik asMblI dy spIkr imstr ivtykr ny Aus ibwl, ijs ivwc ieh qrmIm sLfml sI, nUM kuJ qknIkI kfrnF krky afAUt afP afrzr krfr dy idwqf. ies qoN bfad bI[ sI[ dI sI[ sI[ aYP[ pfrtI dy mYNbr knyzf dy BfrqIaF dy vot dy hwk ivwc boldy rhy. 23 akqUbr 1944 nUM bI[ sI[ dI sI[ sI[ aYP[ pfrtI df nyqf hYrflz eI[ ivMc vYnkUvr dy gurduafry afieaf aqy boilaf, “sI[ sI[ aYP[ dI pflsI nsl df iKafl kIqy ibnF knyzf ivwc kfnUMnI qOr AuWqy rih rhy sfry lokF nUM nfgirkqf dyx dy hwk ivwc hY.”(31)
Aus qoN bfad bI[ sI[ asMblI dy agly sfl dy sYsLn dOrfn, 15 mfrc 1945 nUM vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYP[ pfrtI nfl sMbMDq asMblI mYNbr zbilAU[ zbilAU[ lIPYks ny iek vfr Pyr knyzf dy BfrqIaF nUM bI[ sI[ ivc vot df hwk dyx leI bI[ sI[ dy ielYksLn aYkt ivwc qrmIm krn leI ibl pysL kIqf. ibl pysL krdy smyN Aus ny ikhf, “ieh smF, jdoN hjLfrF dI igxqI ivwc BfrqI POjI brmf dy jMglF ivwc lokqMqr Kfqr afpxIaF jfnF vfr rhy hn, ieQy dy BfrqIaF nUM nfgirkqf dy aiDkfr dyx leI sB qoN Auicq hY. AuhnF nUM vot df hwk nf dy ky bI[ sI[ lybr df nIvF pwDr pYdf kr irhf hY aqy iek aijhI musLikl pYdf kr irhf hY ijs nfl, amrIkf ivwc kfilaF dI smwisaf vFg, kdy nf kdy nijwTxf hI pYxf hY.”(32) bysLwk ies smyN bI[ sI[ ivwc vwzy pwDr AuWqy knyzf dy BfrqIaF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dy hwk ivwc mfhOl sI pr ies vfr vI ieh qrmIm pfs nf ho skI. 28 mfrc 1945 nUM ies ibl dI cfr votF dy Prk (18 hwk ivwc aqy 22 ivroD ivwc) nfl hfr ho geI. ies hfr dI aflocnf kridaF 7 apRYl 1945 nUM ivktorIaf zylI tfiemjL ivwc ilKy iek Kq ivwc drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan) ny ies qrHF iliKaf:

eIst ieMzIan jnm qoN hI ibRitsL sbjYkt hn. Auh tYks idMdy hn aqy Auh sfry PrjL inBfAuNdy hn ijhnF dI iek pUry nfgirk qoN afs kIqI jFdI hY. ieh gwl smJ qoN bfhr hY ik brqfnvI nfgirkF nUM brqfnIaF dI zumIinan ivwc pUrI nfgirkqf dy aiDkfr nf hox[[[.”(33)

bI [ sI[ ivwc BfrqIaF dy hwk ivwc mfhOl huMdy hoey vI ies ibwl dI hfr ikAuN ho geI? ies df vwzf kfrn sI bI[ sI[ dI ilbrl srkfr jo BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk nhIN dyxf cfhuMdI sI. ies leI Aus smyN dI ilbrl srkfr dy rvweIey AuWqy iek sMKyp Jfq mfr lYxI kuQFvIN glw nhIN hovygI. PrvrI 1944 ivwc sI[ sI[ aYP[ dy asMblI mYNbr zbilAU[ zbilAU[ lIPYks vloN pysL kIqI geI qrmIm AuWqy hoeI bihs dOrfn 9 mfrc 1944 nUM bI[ sI[ dy pRoivMsLl sYktrI aqy ilbrl srkfr dy lybr minstr, afnrybl jfrj pIarsn, ny qrmIm df ivroD kridaF ikhf:

vot df hwk pRfpq krn ipwCy kOmIaq nfloN kuJ vwD hoxf cfhIdf hY. ies sUby ivwc rihx-sihx df jo pwDr asIN imwiQaf hY, Aus pwDr nUM kfiem rwKx ivwc ihMdU sfzI mdd nhIN kr irhf. ies sUby ivwc ihMdUaF vrgf byieqbfrf, byeImfn aqy DoKybfjL hor koeI nhIN hY. asIN AuhnF qoN jfxkfrI nhIN lY skdy. Auh sfzy bxfey hr inXm nUM qoVdy hn. sfnUM AuhnF kysF df pqf hY ijhnF ivwc nOkrI lYx leI ihMdUaF ny dUjy ihMdUaF nUM pYsy dyxy pey sn. lybr zIpfrtmYNt ivwc cIny ijLMdgI df iPkr bxy hoey hn; aqy jfpfnI vI. AuhnF nUM pUry aiDkfrF qoN vFJy rwK ky asIN TIk kr rhy hF.(34)

imstr pIarsn dy ies ibafn nfl BfrqI kimAUintI aqy Aus dy hmdrdF ivwc guwsy dI lihr dOV geI. vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYP[ dI mYNbr lfrf jymIsn ny asMblI ivwc lybr minstr dy ibafn df noits lYNidaF ikhf ik lybr minstr dy ibafn ivwcoN rMg dy afDfr AuWqy ivqkry dI Jlk imldI hY.(35)
knyzIan-BfrqI kimAUintI vloN ies ibafn df bVf sKq noits ilaf igaf. ies ibafn dy pRqIkrm ivwc Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy sYktrI nigMdr isMG igwl ny ikhf, “imstr pIarsn dy ieh ibafn nfvfjb aqy akfrn hn. jdoN imstr pIarsn afpxy hUMJf-PyrU ibafn ivwc cIinaF nUM vI sLfml kr lYNdf hY qF Auh iek sLfvnvfdI rvweIaf aKiqafr krdf hY, jo ik nfjLIaF dI ‘mfstr rys’ dIaF iQAurIaF dI ivsLysLqf hY”.(36) nigMdr isMG igwl ny agFh imstr pIarsn nUM cuxOqI idMidaF ikhf:

jy imstr pIarsn iek snmfnXog ivakqI hovygf qF Auh afpxy vloN khy scfeI-rihq sLbdF leI pbilk qOr AuWqy muafPI mMg lvygf. pr jy Auh aijhf nhIN krnf cfhuMdf qF Aus nUM ieh sLbd asMblI qoN bfhr duhrfAuxy cfhIdy hn. asIN Aus nUM XkIn idvfAuNdy hF ik jy Auh aijhf krygf qF asIN iek dm hwqk-iewjLq df mukwdmf kr dyvFgy qF ik kcihrIaF ieh PYslf kr skx ik kI asIN aijhy axcfhy nfgirk hF jF nhIN ijhnF dI imstr pIarsn ny sMsdI ivsLysL aiDkfrF dI Et lY ky akfrn hI byiewjLqI kIqI hY.(37)

14 mfrc 1944 nUM knyzIan BfrqI kimAUintI vloN iek zYlIgysLn ies ibafn bfry rsmI qOr AuWqy ros pRgt krn leI lybr minstr pIarsn nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn dy mYNbr sn: nigMdr isMG igwl, sYktrI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vYnkUvr; jYrI isMG huMdl; mihMdr isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivktorIaf df numfieMdf aqy drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan). ies zYlIgysLn ny lybr minstr pIarsn nUM ros Biraf pwqr idwqf aqy mMg kIqI ik Auh afpxy sLbd vfps lvy. ieh zYlIgysLn afpxy nfl ivktorIaf dI cIeInIjL XUQ aYsosIeysLn vloN iliKaf iek Kq vI lY ky igaf ijs ivwc lybr minstr pIarsn dy sLbdF ivruwD cInI BfeIcfry vloN ros pRgt kIqf igaf sI.(38)
22 mfrc 1944 nUM lybr minstr pIarsn ny Kflsf dIvfn susfietI nUM muafPI df iek Kq Byijaf. Aus Kq nfl BfrqI kimAUintI dI qswlI nf hoeI. pr imstr pIarsn ny asMblI ivwc boly sLbd asMblI qoN bfhr nf khy. ies leI BfrqI kimAUintI vloN Aus AuWqy hwqk-iewjLq df mukwdmf krn qwk dI vI nObq nf phuMcI.
BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot df hwk lYx leI jwdojihd cldI geI aqy bI[ sI[ dI ilbrl srkfr BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM ieh hwk nf dyx leI nvyN nvyN bhfny lwBdI rhI. dsMbr 1944 ivwc, jdoN BfrqI-knyzIan kimAUintI agly sfl afAux vfly bI[ sI[ dI asMblI dy sYsLn ivwc afpxy vot dy svfl nUM iPr KVf krn leI iqafrI kr rhI sI, AudoN kimAUintI vloN iek zYlIgysLn bI[ sI[ dy atfrnI jnrl afr[ aYl[ mytlYNz nUM imilaf. zYlIgysLn nUM imlx bfad atfrnI jnrl mytlYNz ny ies sMbMD ivwc hyTlf ibafn idwqf:

[[[ ErIaYNtl lokF nUM vot dy hwk df svfl ies sUby ivwc 50 sfl qoN nijwiTaf aqy svIkfr kIqf jf cuwkf hY. eIst ieMzIan hux iek aijhI dlIl dy rhy hn jo ipCly smyN nfloN vwKrI hY. pr mYN nhIN smJdf ik awj jdoN sfzy 50,000 nOjvfn dUr jMg lV rhy hn aqy AuhnF qoN puwCy ibnF iksy vI qrHF dI qbdIlI krn bfry socx leI ieh smF TIk nhIN. AuhnF ny BivwK ivwc ijAuxf hY aqy ies leI ies mulk dI isafsq aqy ivcfrDfrf ivwc iksy vI qrHF dI vwzI qbdIlI krn qoN pihlF AuhnF nUM ivcfr krn df mOkf dyxf cfhIdf hY.(39)

atfrnI jnrl dI ieh bhfnybfjLI knyzIan BfrqI kimAUintI leI hYrfnI BrI aqy Tys phuMcfAux vflI gwl sI. ies dy pRqIkrm ivwc bolidaF BfrqI kimAUintI dy iek bulfry ny ikhf ik atfrnI jnrl df ieh ibafn lVfeI ivwc sfzy lokF dI bhfdrI BrI kfrgujLfrI dI hwqk hY.(40) BfrqI lok socdy sn ik atfrnI jnrl mytlYNz df ibafn lokqMqr dIaF kdrF kImqF dy iKlfP sI. ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL ivwc ilKy iek Kq ivwc drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan) ny atfrnI jnrl mytlYNz dy ibafn bfry ieh itwpxI kIqI: “imstr mytlYNz dfavf krdf hY ik eIst ieMzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyxf smuMdro pfr gey nOjvfn mnjLUr nhIN krngy. Auh nOjvfn XUrp dy lokF nUM AuhI ajLfdI pRdfn krn leI afpxIaF jfnF vfr rhy hn ijhVI ajLfdI eIst ieMzIan iewQy mMgdy hn. dfn vFg hI, ajLfdI GroN sLurU huMdI hY. AuhnF lokF, jo kfmnvYlQ df ihwsf hn, nUM lokqMqr dy aiDkfr dyx nfl knyzIan lokqMqr Gtygf nhIN sgoN vDygf hI.”(41)
ies dy nfl nfl BfrqI kimAUintI nUM XkIn sI ik knyzf dy bhuigxqI POjI aqy afm lok BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dy hwk ivwc sn. AuhnF dy ies ivcfr dI pusLtI jy[ eI[ buafiez nF dy iek ivakqI vloN vYnkUvr inAUjL hYrlz ivwc Cpy hyTly Kq ivwc dyKI jf skdI hY. jy[ eI[ buafiez ilKdf hY:

XUrp leI rvfnf hox qoN pihlF myry puwqr dy afKrI sLbd sn, “zYz! iPkr nf kr, mYN Auh lVfeI lV irhf hF ijs df kuwJ mqlb hY.” mYN dUijaF mfipaF, ijhnF dy puwqr PfsLIvfd nUM Kqm krn leI jMg dy hr mYdfn ivwc afpxIaF jfnF vfr rhy hn, nfl AumId krdf hF ik AuhnF nUM (jMg ivwc lV rhy puwqrF nUM) atfrnI jnrl mytlYNz df korf ienkfr suxfeI nhIN dyvygf ijs ivwc Auh eIst ieMzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI gwl suxn leI vI iqafr nhIN.

sfzIaF POjF nUM dwisaf igaf hY ik Auh cfr-afjLfdIaF leI lV rhIaF hn. kI ieh jfx ky ik iek srkfrI aiDkfrI AuhnF dIaF kurbfnIaF nUM rwd kr irhf hY, AuhnF dy mnobl AuWqy asr nhIN pvygf[[[

nslI nPrq, PfsLIvfd dI jLihrI afqmf hY ijs qoN ibnF PfsLIvfd dy insLfinaF nUM pUrf nhIN kIqf jf skdf. aqy sfzf PrjL bxdf hY ik asIN nfjLIaF vrgy jLihrI dMdF nUM BMn skIey ijhVy sfzI kOmI eykqf nUM dUisLq kr rhy hn.

asFvyN mOikaF dy bfvjUd vI bI[ sI[ nUM Ausfrn aqy jMg ivwc mdd krn dy sLfndfr rIkfrz dy aDfr AuWqy hux eIst ieMzIan vot dy hwkdfr hn. afAu! AuhnF vwl mdd Biraf dosqfnf hwQ vDfeIey. (42)

Aus smyN bI[ sI[ dy bhuigxqI lokF ivwc BfrqI-knyzIan lokF dy vot dy hwk leI ikMnI vwD ihmfieq sI, ieh dyKx leI bI[ sI[ dI tryz XUnIan lihr vloN ies jwdojihdivwc pfey Xogdfn nUM dyiKaf jf skdf hY. ieh swc hY ik vIhvIN sdI dy sLurU dy pihly do iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn bI[ sI[ aqy knyzf dy mjLdUr BfrqIaF dy knyzf ivwc afAux dy hwk ivwc nhIN sn. pr 1940ivaF ivwc hflfq bdl cuwky sn. ies dhfky dOrfn bI[ sI[ dI mjLdUr lihr ny BfrqIaF vloN vot dy hwk leI lVI jFdI jwdojihd ivwc vD cVH ky sfQ idwqf. iewQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik vot dy hwk vfsqy lVy Gol bfry hux qwk ilKy ieiqhfs ivwc mjLdUr lihr vloN pfey gey Xogdfn nUM ies df bxdf sQfn nhIN idwqf igaf. Audfhrn vjoN, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dI afpxI irport, ijs dI pihlF gwl kIqI geI hY, ivwc mjLdUr lihr aqy Aus dy numfieMidaF vloN pfey vwzmuwly Xogdfn df ijLkr qwk nhIN kIqf igaf.
ieMtrnYsLnl vuwz vrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[) dy nMbr 1 izsitRkt df pRYjLIzYNt hYrlz pirct BfrqI kimAUintI dI ies jwdojihd ivwc pUrI qrHF srgrm sI. BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot dy hwk sMbMDI bI[ sI[ dI srkfr nUM imlx vfly keI zYlIgysLnF ivwc Auh iek mYNbr vjoN sLfml sI. mfrc 1944 ivwc jdoN bI[ sI[ dy lybr minstr ny asMblI ivwc BfrqIaF dy vot dy hwk bfry bolidaF AuWpr dwsy nFh-pwKI sLbd vrqy qF afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[ ny Aus dI inKyDI kIqI aqy minstr nUM Auh sLbd vfps lYx leI ikhf.(43) iPr 1944 dy nvMbr mhIny ivwc afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[ df pRYjLIzYNt hYrlz pirct vYnkUvr dy gurduvfry af ky boilaf. afpxI gwlbfq ivwc Aus ny knyzIan BfrqIaF nUM XkIn idvfieaf ik “vot df hwk lYx leI lV rhy BfrqIaF nUM pUrI mjLdUr lihr dI ihmfieq hfsl hY.”(44)
afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[ qoN ibnF bI[ sI[ dIaF dUjIaF bhuigxqI XUnIanF vI BfrqIaF nUM vot df aiDkfr imlx dy hwk ivwc sn. ijvyN pihlF dwisaf igaf hY ik mfrc 1945 ivwc bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx leI iek ibl pysL kIqf igaf sI. jy asIN ies ibl dy pysL hox qoN pihlF dy kuJ hPiqaF dIaF aKbfrF dyKIey qF sfnUM pqf lwgdf hY ik qkrIbn qkrIbn hr hPqy bI[ sI[ dI iksy nf iksy XUnIan vloN BfrqI-knyzIanF dy vot dy hwk ivwc ibafn idwqf jFdf jF mqf pfs kIqf jFdf sI. ies smyN dOrfn hyT ilKIaF XUnIanF BfrqI knyzIanF dy ihmfieq ivwc afeIaF: afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[; dI zOk aYNz isLwpXfrz vrkrjL XUnIan (sI sI aYWl); isvk ieMplfeIjL XUnIan; nYsLnl XUnIan afP apryitMg ieMjnIarjL, lokl nMbr 3; dI XUnfeIitz Eiel vrkrjL XUnIan, lokl nMbr 1; afeI[ zbilAU[ ey, imsLn lokl; XUnfeIitz bRdrhuwz afP kfrpYNtrjL aYNz juafienrjL (ey[ aYP[ aYl), lokl 452; mfeIn imwl aYNz smYltrjL vrkrjL, lokl 693; nYsLnl XUnIan afP msLIinst XUnIan vYnkUvr; pfeIl zrfeIvrjL XUnIan, lokl 2404 afid.
ies smyN dOrfn, pihly sflF dy Ault, bI[ sI[ dI mjLdUr lihr vloN knyzIan BfrqIaF dy vot dy hwk leI ies qrHF dI ihmfieq dy keI kfrn sn. sB qoN pihlF qF dUjI sMsfr jMg lwgI hox kfrn bI[ sI[ dI afriQkqf ivwc kfPI qyjLI sI. ies leI bI[ sI[ dy mjLdUr afpxIaF nOkrIaF leI BfrqI mjLdUrF nUM koeI Kqrf nhIN smJdy sn. nMbr do, aMqrrfsLtrI mjLdUr lihr dy pRBfv hyT vwK vwK kOmF dy mjLdUrF aMdr BrfqrI Bfvnf pYdf ho cuwkI sI. nMbr 3, BfrqIaF nUM knyzf ivwc rihMidaF cfr dhfikaF dy nyVy ho cuwky sn aqy ies smyN dOrfn Auh iewQoN dy gory lokF nfl sMbMD sQfpq krn ivwc kfmXfb ho cuwky sn. nMbr cfr, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy sYktrI nigMdr isMG igwl dI agvfeI ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI ny sucyq PYslf kIqf sI ik vot dy hwk dI ies lVfeI ivwc bhuigxqI kimAUintI aqy bI[ sI[ dI mjLdUr lihr dI mdd lYxI hY. nMbr 5, BfrqI kimAUintI bI[ sI[ dI mjLdUr lihr dI mdd lYx leI ies leI kfmXfb hoeI ikAuNik Aus smyN drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan) afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[ nUM jQybMd krn leI bVI srgrmI nfl kMm kr irhf sI.
BfrqI kimAUintI dy hwk ivwc eynI ihmfieq huMdy hoey vI bI[ sI[ dI srkfr BfrqI knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx leI iqafr nhIN sI. pr bI[ sI[ dy bhuigxqI lokF ivwc BfrqIaF leI ihmfieq hox df ieh asr hoieaf ik bysLwk 1945 ivwc bI[ sI[ asMblI ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx leI pysL kIqy ibl dI cfr votF dy Prk nfl hfr hoeI pr ies vfr srkfrI pfrtI dy kuwJ mYNbrF ny vI ibl dy hwk ivwc vot pfey.
mfrc 1945 dy asMblI sYsLn ivwc hoeI hfr nfl BfrqI kimAUintI nUM duwK qF jLrUr hoieaf pr Auh ies nfl inrAuqsLfihq nhIN hoeI. agly asMblI sYsLn ivwc ijwq hfsl krn dy ierfdy nfl BfrqI kimAUintI ies jwdojihdivwc iek vfr iPr jwut geI. dsMbr 1945 ivwc bI[ sI[ dIaF asMblI ielYksLnF hoxIaF inXq hoeIaF. akqUbr 1945 ivwc Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vloN ielYksLn ivwc ihwsf lYx vfly hr AumIdvfr nUM iek pwqr (srkulr) Byijaf igaf. ies pwqr ivwc iliKaf sI: “ihtlr dy PfsLIvfd aqy jfpfn dy hmlfvfrI rvweIey AuWpr ijwq pRfpq krky lVfeI dy Kfqmy nfl asIN mihsUs krdy hF ik sfry knyzf vfsIaF jo ibRitsL sbjYkt hn aqy eIst ieMzIanF nUM dUijaF dy brfbr dy lokqMqirk aiDkfr imlxy cfhIdy hn.”(45)
dsMbr 1945 dI bI[ sI[ dI ielYksLn ivwc ilbrl-kMjLrvyitv kulIsLn dI ijwq hoeI. ielYksLn qoN CyqIN bfad afpxy pihly sYsLn dOrfn 11 mfrc 1946 nUM asMblI ny bI[ sI[ ielYksLn aYkt nUUM rIvIAU krn leI srb pfrtI ielYksLn kmytI bxf idwqI. afpxIaF pbilk suxvfeIaF leI ieh kmytI 31 akqUbr 1946 nUM vYnkUvr afeI. 1 nvMbr 1946 nUM BfrqI knyzIan kimAUintI vloN iek zYlIgysLn ies kmytI sfhmxy pysL hoieaf.(46) ies zYlIgysLn dy mYNbr sn: kpUr isMG, krqfr isMG, imAu isMG, eIsLr isMG, guridwq isMG, nigMdr isMG aqy zf: pFzIaf.(47) zYlIgysLn vloN zf: pFzIaf ny kmytI awgy brIP pysL kIqf. pihlI nvMbr 1946 nUM hI vYnkUvr qoN Cpdy aKbfr vYnkUvr inAUjL hYrlz ny BfrqIaF nUM vot df aiDkfr idwqy jfx dy hwk ivwc sMpfdkI iliKaf.
vYnkUvr ivwc srb pfrtI ielYksLn kmytI sfhmxy 12 jQybMdIaF ny brIP pysL kIqy ijhnF ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI ihmfieq kIqI geI sI. isrP iek jQybMdI (qyrHvIN) aijhI sI ijsny ErIaYNtl lokF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dI ivroDqf kIqI sI.(48) BfrqI-knyzIanF dy vot dy hwk dI ies qrHF dI ihmfieq dyKidaF srb BfrqI ielYksLn kmytI ny 7 nvMbr 1946 nUM pysL kIqIaF afpxIaF isPfirsLF ivwc BfrqIaF, jfpfnIaF aqy cIinaF nUM bI[ sI[ ivwc vot df aiDkfr dyx dI isPfirsL kIqI.(49) nqIjy vjoN 2 apRYl 1947 nUM, bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ny ibl 85 pfs kIqf ijs ivwc BfrqI, jfpfnI aqy cIny knyzIanF nUUM vot df aiDkfr idwqf igaf sI. (50)
bI[ sI[ ivwc vot df hwk imlx nfl, knyzf pwDr AuWqy zumIinan dIaF ielYksLnF ivwc vot df aiDkfr afpxy afp pRfpq ho igaf. pr ajy imAUNspl pwDr AuWqy ieh aiDkfr pRfpr krnf bfkI rihMdf sI. vYnkUvr qoN ibnF bI[ sI[ dIaF bfkI sB imAUNspYltIaF ivwc ielYksLn dy inXm imAUNspl ielYksLn aYkt dy afAuNdy sn. ies imAUNspl ielYksLn aYkt ivwc qbdIlI krn leI mqf bI[ sI[ dIaF imAUNspYltIaF dI sflfnf knvYnsLn ivwc rwKxf pYNdf sI. vYnkUvr dI imAUNspYltI dI ielYksLn dy inXm leI istI df afpxf cfrtr sI. ies ivwc qbdIlI vYnkUvr pwDr AuWqy ho skdI sI. bI[ sI[ pwDr AuWqy vot df hwk imlx nfl imAUNspl pwDr AuWqy ieh hwk lYx leI rfh KulH igaf sI. 10 sqMbr 1947 nUM BfrqI kimAUintI df iek zYlIgysLn ieMzIan pRogrYisv susfietI dI agvfeI ivwc ptIsLn lY ky vYnkUvr istI kfAuNsl awgy pysL hoieaf aqy imAUNspYl pwDr AuWqy vot dI mMg kIqI. ies zYlIgysLn ivwc surYx isMG, prYjLIzYNt ieMzIan pRogrYisv susfietI; nigMdr isMG igwl, aYlmor iPlpot, vYnkUvr sn df kflimst afid sLfml sn.(51) pr AuhnF dI mMg bfry vYnkUvr dI istI kfAuNsl ny koeI PYslf nf ilaf. BfrqI-knyzIanF dI ies mMg bfry koeI PYslf krn qoN pihlF vYnkUvr dI istI kfAUNsl ies sMbMD ivwc bI[ sI[ dIaF imAUNspYltIaF dI XUnIan df PYslf AuzIkxf cfhuMdI sI.
16 sqMbr 1947 nUM bI[ sI[ dIaF imAUNspYltIaF dI sflfnf knvYnsLn hYrIsn hft spirMgjL ivKy hoeI. ies knvYnsLn dOrfn zf: pFzIaf ny knvYnsLn ivwc afey zYlIgytF awgy BfsLx idwqf aqy AuhnF nUM imAUNspl pwDr AuWqy BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx leI kfiel krn df Xqn kIqf.(52) ies knvYnsLn ny BfrqI knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx df mqf pfs kr idwqf. ieh mqf vYnkUvr qoN ibnF bI[ sI[ dIaF bfkI sfrIaF imAUNspYltIaF AuWqy lfgU huMdf sI. 23 akqUbr 1947 nUM vYnkUvr istI kfAuNsl dI lYijslyitv kmytI dI mIitMg hoeI. ies mIitMg ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF vloN zf: pFzIaf, kpUr isMG, krqfr isMG aqy eIsLr isMG hfjLr hoey. ies mIitMg ivwc istI dI lYijslyitv kmytI ny afpxy ielYksLn dy inXmF ivwc qrmIm krky BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dy idwqf.(53) ies dy nfl hI BfrqI-knyzIanF vloN knyzf ivwc vot dy hwk lYx leI 40 sflF qoN lVI jf rhI jwdojihd dI ijwq hoeI.

aMiqkf
BfrqI ipCokV dy avfsI aqy AuhnF dIaF aglIaF pIVHIaF knyzIan smfj ivwc afpxf jo sQfn bxf rhIaF hn ies ipwCy vot df hwk ijwqx dI lMmI Gflxf dI Kfs dyx hY. ieh gwl isafsI Kyqr ivwc qF bVI sfP hY ik jy sfnUM ieh hwk nf imldf jF hor dyr nfl imldf qF asIN knyzf dI isafsq ivwc afpxI iDr Aus qrHF sQfpq nf kr skdy ijvyN hux vwKrIaF vwKrIaF pwDrF dIaF srkfrF ivwc kr sky hF. knyzf nUM goiraF vfsqy rfKvF rwKx dI soc vfly lokf nUM vI ies gwl df pqf sI ik gYr-gory knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk idwqy jfx nfl AuhnF nUM isafsI Kyqr ivwc kfmXfb hox qoN rokxf sMBv nhIN sI. vYnkUvr sn vloN 1944 ivwc ilKy sMpfdkI qoN qOKlf pUrI qrHF jLfhr ho jFdf hY: “sfzI vsoN df awT pRqIsLwq ihwsf ErIaYNtl lokF df hY. jy AuhnF kol vot df aiDkfr hovy qF ieh iblkul sMBv hY ik Auh asMblI ivwc iqMn mYNbr cux skxgy; iek cInf, iek jfpfnI aqy iek ihMdU. pfvl strIt qoN iek afnrybl mYNbr df hoxf koeI imwQ nhIN hY.”(54)
ies hwk nfl hI dUjy bhuq sfry hwk vI juVy hoey sn ijhnF dI axhoNd kfrn pihlIaF ivwc afey sfzy lokF nUM Kfs iksm dy kuJ iek ikwiqaF ibnF hor pfsy kMm krn dI KulH nhIN sI. iehnF hwkF dI axhoNd hI iswDy qOr AuWqy ies gwl leI ijLMmyvfr sI ik sfzy lokF nUM AuWc ividaf pRfpq krn bfad vI cMgIaF nOkrIaF nhIN sn imldIaF. ies df bhuq Kqrnfk asr ieh ipaf ik pihilaF dhfikaF dOrfn iewQy jMmy ply pMjfbI, hr iksm dIaF shUlqF hox dy bfvjUd vI, AuWc ividaf pRfpq nf kr sky. ies nfl smuwcI kimAUintI nUM jo Gftf ipaf Auh kdI vI pUrf nhIN kIqf jf skdf. dUjy sLbdF ivwc jy vot pfAux df hwk sfzI kimAUintI koloN Koihaf nf jFdf jF pihlF iml jFdf qF sLfied sfzI kimAUintI dI hux dI idK kuwJ hor huMdI. ies hI krky ieh ijwq eynI mhwqvpUrn hY ik ies nfl sfzI smwucI kimAUintI dy syD hI bdl geI.
vot dy hwk dI lMmI isafsI lVfeI dy aml dOrfn BfrqI knyzIanF ny afpxy afp nUM ies smfj df atuwt ihwsf bxfAux vwl mhwqvpUrn kdm puwty. ies aml rfhIN AuhnF ny knyzf dy isafsI ZFcy nUM nyiVEN smJx df Xqn kIqf jo afpxy afp ivwc iek aihm gwl mMnI jfxI cfhIdI hY. nfl hI AuhnF ny knyzIan smfj ivcly bhuq sfry lokF nfl jQybMdk pwDr AuWqy qflmyl vDfieaf. vot df hwk ijwqx leI kIqIaF anykF srgrmIaF ies gwl dI gvfhI idMdIaF hn ik iks qrHF BfrqIaF ny dUjIaF jQybMdIaF, isafsI pfrtIaF aqy mjLdUr jQybMdIaF afid nfl sdIvI nfqf joiVaf jo sfzI kimAUintI vfsqy awj vI kMm krdf sfP njLr afAuNdf hY. ieQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik BfrqIaF vloN afpxy hwkF vfsqy kIqIaF koisLsLF ivwc knyzIan smfj ivwcoN bhuqI vfrI iek ivsLysL vrg vloN Kfs huMgfrf imilaf hY. ieh ivsLysL vrg bhuq vfrI agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vfly lok huMdy sn ijhVy knyzf nUM iek aijhf brfbrqf vflf mulk bxfAuxf cfhuMdy sn ijwQy hr iksy nUM ibnF rMg, nsl, Drm jF iksy vI hor vwKryvyN dy siqkfrXog sQfn pRfpq hovy.
BfrqI ipCokV dy knyzIanF vloN vot pfAux dy hwk dI ijwq dI sB qoN vwzI mhwqqf sLfied ieh hI mMnI jfxI cfhIdI hy ik ies jwdojihd aqy ijwq nfl iewQy rihMdy BfrqI ies mulk nUM iek vDIaf mulk bxfAux ivwc ihwsydfr bxy. sMn 1947 ivwc ies ijwq bfry vYnkUvr sMn dy pwqrkfr aYlmr iPlpOt dy ilKy sLbd ies gwl dI gvfhI Brdy hn. Aus ny iliKaf: “XUrpIn ipCokV df knyzIan hox nfqy mYN ies gwl dI gvfhI dy skdf hF aqy ies qwQ nUM jLordfr sLbdF ivwc kih skdf hF ik ieh BfrqIaF dI BfrqIaF vfsqy ijwq sI - pr iek vwzI pwDr AuWqy ieh ijwq knyzf ivcly BfrqIaF dI hr jgHf mnuwKI brfbrqf vfsqy ijwq sI.”(55) vot pfAux df hwk ijwqx nfl isrP BfrqIaF df hI ies dys dy BfeIcfry ivwc siqkfrXog sQfn nhIN bixaf ies nfl knyzf dy BfeIcfry df Kud afpxIaF njLrF ivwc aqy dunIaF dIaF njLrF ivwc vI siqkfr viDaf. jy knyzf df smfj awj dunIaF dy ibhqrIn smfjF ivwcoN igixaf jFdf hY qF inrsMdyh ies ivwc kuJ hwQ BfrqIaF vloN lVy gey anykF aijhy GolF df vI hY ijhnF rfhIN AuhnF ny knyzf dy Auh kfnUMn qbdIl krvfey ijhVy lokF nUM rMg, nsl, Drm aqy hor vKryNivaF kfrn AUc nIc nfl dyKdy sn.

NOTES

1 Khalsa Diwan Society’s Report on Dominion, Provincial and Municipal Franchise for the Hindus in British Columbian, 1947: 2.
2 Proceedings of the B.C. Legislature, 26th March 1907.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 House of Commons Debate, 1923:4651
6 Victoria Daily Times, Nov. 28, 1923. p. 1.
7 Ibid.
8 Victoria Daily Times, Jan. 26, 1945. p. 3.
9 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 2.
10 House of Commons, 1923:4640.
11 Victoria Daily Times, Aug. 19, 1922.
12 Victoria Daily Times, Aug. 14, 1922.
13 The Canadian Annual Review, 1922. p. 202
14 House of Commons Debate, 1923: 4647
15 House of Commons Debate, 1923:4651
16 Vancouver Daily Province, Sept. 14, 1928, p. 13.
17 Vancouver Daily Province, Aug. 9, 1932. p. 16.
18 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 4.
19 Victoria Daily Times, April 11, 1927. p.9.
20 Vancouver News Herald, Aug. 28, 1942. p. 7.
21 Vancouver Sun, Oct. 9, 1942. p. 9
22 The Daily Colonest, Oct. 10, 1942. And Vancouver Sun, Oct. 9, 1942
23 Vancouver Daily Province, Oct. 13, 1942. p. 4.
24 Victoria Daily Times, Oct. 9, 1942. p. 2.
25 Victoria Daily Times, April 11, 1927. p.9.
26 Vancouver Daily Province, March 13, 1943. p. 14. And Vancouver Sun, March 3, 1943. p. 8.
27 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 8.
28 Victoria Daily Times, April 11, 1927. p.9.
29 Some names included are: James E. Dobbs, A.H. W. Joyner, Dr. Leila Davis, Senator John Lewis, Arthur Hawks, Felix Belcher, Albert A. E. S. Smythe, Miss Nora Jackson and Mr. Woods of Toronto Globe.
30 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 5.
31 Vancouver News Herald, Oct. 23, 1944. p.3.
32 Vancouver Sun, March 16, 1945. p. 4.
33 Victoria Daily Times, April 7, 1945. p.8.
34 The Daily Colonist, March 8, 1944. p. 3.
35 Victoria Daily Times, March 9, 1944. p. 14
36 Vancouver Daily Province, March 10, 1944. p. 6.
37 Ibid.
38 Victoria Daily Times, March 14, 1944. p. 11.
39 Victoria Daily Times, Dec. 5, 1944. p. 11.
40 Vancouver News Herald, Dec. 6, 1944. p. 3.
41 Victoria Daily Times, April 7, 1945. p. 4.
42 Vancouver News Herald, Dec. 27, 1944. p. 4.
43 Victoria Daily Times, March 15, 1944. p. 11.
44 Vancouver Sun, Nov. 20, 1944. p. 6.
45 Vancouver Sun, Oct. 18, 1945. p. 21.
46 Vancouver News Herald, Nov. 2, 1946. p. 2.
47 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 6.
48 Vancouver News Herlad, Nov. 8. 1946. p. 9.
49 Ibid.
50 The Daily Colonist, April 4, 1947. p. 3.
51 Vancouver News Herald, Sept. 10, 1947. p. 3.
52 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 9.
53 Ibid. p. 8.
54 Vancouver Sun, March 16, 1944. p.4.
55 Khalsa Diwan Society, p. 1.


kYnyzf ivwc vot df hwk lYx leI BfrqIaF vloN lVI jwdojihd df lVIvfr vyrvf

26 mfrc, 1907
bI[ sI[ dy ielYksLn aYkt ivwc qrmIm krky bI[ sI[ dI kMjrvyitv srkfr ny bI[ sI[ ivwc rihMdy BfrqIaF koloN vot df aiDkfr Koh ilaf.

8 jnvrI, 1908
knyzIan srkfr ny iswDy sPr (kMtIinAus jrnI) df Prmfn (afrzr ien kfAUNsl) pfs kIqf. ies kfnUMn muqfbk knyzf nUM afAux vflf ivakqI bI[ sI[ dIaF bMdrgfhF AuWqy qF hI AuWqr skdf sI jy Auh afpxy dysL qoN iswDf sPr krky iewQy phuMicaf hovy. ies kfnUMn df mksd knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF df dfKlf bMd krn df sI ikAuNik Aus smyN Bfrq qoN koeI vI jhfjL iswDf knyzf nhIN afAuNdf sI.

7 mfrc 1908
bI[ sI[ ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF koloN imAUNspl pwDr AuWqy vot pfAux df hwk vI Koh ilaf igaf.

1911
hsn rhIm ny vYnkUvr dI imAUNspl ielYksLn ivwc vot pfeI. nqIjy vjoN hsn rhIm AuWqy mukwdmf cwilaf pr pUry sbUq nf hox krky Auh brI ho igaf.

23 meI - 23 julfeI 1914
23 meI 1914 nUM 376 BfrqI musfPrF smyq kfmfgftfmfrU jhfjL vYnkUvr dI bMdrgfh AuWqy phuMicaf. iek jfpfnI kMpnI qoN cfrtr krky kfmfgftfmfrU jhfjL nUM vYnkUvr ilafAux ipwCy bfbf guridwq isMG df mksd knyzf dy iswDy sPr (kMtIinAus jrnI) dy kfnUMn nUM cuxOqI dyxf sI. do mhIny smuMdr ivwc KVHy rihx bfad 23 julfeI 1914 nUM, knyzIan nyvI dI mdd nfl, kfmfgftfmfrU nUM knyzIan pfxIaF ivwcoN bfhr kwZ idwqf igaf.

1921
knyzf ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx leI lMzn ivwc hoeI ieMpIrIal kfnPrMs ivwc mqf pfs kIqf igaf.

agsq 1922
BfrqI srkfr df pRiqinD sRI invfsn sLfsqrI knyzf ivwc sdBfvnf-dOry AuWqy afieaf. afpxy dOry smyN Auh keI vfr BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx dy svfl AuWqy boilaf. 19 agsq 1922 nUM Auh bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar ElIvr aqy Aus dI kYbint nUM imilaf aqy AuhnF nfl knyzIan-BfrqIaF dy vot dy hwk dI gwl kIqI.

29 jUn 1923
BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx bfry knyzf dy hfAUs afP kfmnjL ivwc bihs hoeI.

27 nvMbr 1923
bI[ sI[ dI asMblI vloN BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dy ivroD ivwc iek mqf srb-sMmqI nfl pfs krky zumIinan (knyzf pwDr) dI srkfr nUM Byijaf igaf.

11 apRYl 1927
BfrqI knyzIan kimAUintI ny iek ptIsLn bI[ sI[ dy dOry AuWqy afey knyzf dy gvrnr jnrl vfeIkfAuNt ivlMgzn nUM idwqI. ies ptIsLn ivwc knyzf dy BfrqIaF leI nfgirkqf dy aiDkfrF dI mMg kIqI geI sI.

sqMbr 1928
brqfnvI sfmrfj dI pfrlImYNtrI aYsosIeysLn dy iqMn mYNbr - dIvfn bhfdur jI[ ey[ nyqsn, dIvfn sI lfl aqy tI sI gosvfmI - sqMbr 1928 ivwc ibRitsL kolMbIaf dy dOry AuWqy afey. afpxy ies dOry smyN AuhnF knyzf ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI gwl kIqI.

8 agsq 1932
knyzf dy dOry AuWqy afey brqfnvI zYlIgysLn df muKI sr aqul cYtrjI knyzf dI kYbint nUM imilaf aqy BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI gwl kIqI.

14 jnvrI 1942
knyzf dy lYkcr-tUr AuWqy afieaf lMzn siQwq ieMzIan EvrsIjL aYsosIeysLn df sYktrI aYWc[ aYWs[ polk bI[ sI[ dI srkfr dy numfieMidaF nUM imilaf. ies mIitMg ivwc Aus ny srkfr dy numfieMidaF nUM bynqI kIqI ik Auh BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx.

28 agsq 1942
ibRitsL izplomYt sr rObrt hflYNz ny vYnkUvr hotl ivwc iek mIitMg ivwc bolidaF BfrqI knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dI mMg kIqI. Aus ny ikhf, “ieh bVI byiensfPI vflI gwl hY ik BfrqI lokF, jo knyzf dy POjIaF nfl mOZy nfl mOZf joV ky lVn nUM iqafr hn aqy ijhnF ny afpxf sfrf jIvn knyzf ivwc lMGfAuxf hY, kol knyzf dy msilaF ivwc rfey dyx leI koeI afvfjL nhIN.” (vYnkUvr inAUjL hYrlz, 28 agsq, 1942: 7)

akqUbr 1942
BfrqI-knyzIan kimAUintI ivwcoN keI nOjvfnF nUM POj ivwc jLbrI BrqI leI icwTIaF afeIaF. nqIjy vwjoN kimAUintI ivwc ros dI iek lihr dOV geI. 9 akqUbr 1942 nUM Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivwc hoeI mIitMg ivwc iek mqf pfs kIqf igaf ijs ivwc jLbrI BrqI AuWqy sKq ros pRgt kIqf igaf aqy iek vfr iPr vot dy aiDkfr dI mMg kIqI geI.

10 akqUbr 1942
vYnkUvr qoN Cpdy aMgryjLI dy aKbfrF - vYnkUvr inAUjL hYrlz aqy vYnkUvr zylI pRoivMs - ny BfrqI knyzIanF dy hwk ivwc sMpfdkI ilKy.

2 mfrc 1943
vot dy aiDkfr sMbMDI BfrqI kimAUintI aqy Aus dy hmdrdF df iek zYlIgysLn bI[ sI[ dI kYbint nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn dy mYNbr sn: nigMdr isMG igwl, sYktrI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI; nirMjn isMG, pRYjLIzYNt Kflsf dIvfn susfietI; drsLn isMG sMGf (jo bfad ivwc pMjfb dI isafsq ivwc drsLn isMG knyzIan dy nF nfl msLhUr hoey); hjLfrf isMG grcf; hrnfm isMG, pRYjLIzYNt Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivktorIaf; dIdfr isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI df KjLfncI; arjn isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI df Aup KjLfncI; mihMdr isMG; PMgx isMG; jI aYs bfdl; bfhU isMG; sr rObrt hflYNz aqy hYrlz pirct, ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf dy izsitRkt nMbr 1 df pRYjLIzYNt.


25 PrvrI, 1944
vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYWP[ dI asMblI mYNbr lfrf jymIsn ny BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dI gwl asMblI ivwc CyVI. Aus ny ikhf, “jMg ijwqx ivwc mdd krn leI aqy sLFqI dI nINh leI loVINdf iek Cotf pwQr rwKx leI ies srkfr nUM cfhIdf hY ik Auh ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc rih rhy BfrqI mUl dy ibRitsL sbjYktF nUM vot df hwk dyvy. [[[ mYN srkfr qoN mMg krdI hF ik aijhf krn leI Auh klm dI iek JrIt nfl ielYksLn aYkt ivwc qbdIlI kr dyvy. (ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL, 26 PrvrI 1944, sPf 5). asMblI dy ies sYsLn ivwc vYnkUvr eIst qoN sI[ sI[ aYWP[ pfrtI nfl sMbMDq asMblI mYNbr, imstr zbilAU[ zbilAU[ lIPYks ny ielYksLn aYkt nUM bdlx leI iek qrmIm pysL kIqI.

9 mfrc 1944
imstr zbilAU[ zbilAU[ lIPYks vloN pysL kIqI qrmIm ivruwD bolidaF, pRoivMisLal sYktrI aqy lybr minstr afnrybl jfrj pIarsYn ny ikhf, “vot df hwk pRfpq krn ipwCy kOmIaq nfloN kuJ vwD hoxf cfhIdf hY. ies sUby ivwc rihx-sihx df jo pwDr asIN imwiQaf hY, Aus nUM kfiem rwKx ivwc ihMdU sfzI mdd nhIN kr irhf. ies sUby ivwc ihMdUaF vrgf byieqbfrf, byeImfn aqy DoKybfjL hor koeI nhIN hY. [[[ AuhnF nUM pUry aiDkfrF qoN vFJy rwK ky asIN TIk kr rhy hF.” (dI zylI kfloinst, 9 mfrc 1944, sPf 2). vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYWP dI asMblI mYNbr sLRI mqI lfrf jymIsn ny ies qrmIm dy hwk ivwc bolidaF ikhf, “jy Auh sfzy leI lVn dy Xog hn qF Auh sfzy leI vot pfAux dy vI Xog hn.” (ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL, 9 mfrc 1944, sPf 14)

10 mfrc 1944
imstr pIarsYn dy khy sLbdF dy pRqIkrm ivwc bolidaF Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy sYktrI nigMdr isMG igwl ny ikhf, “imstr pIarsn dy ieh ibafn nfvfjb aqy akfrn hn. jdoN imstr pIarsn afpxy hUMJfPyrU ibafn ivwc cIinaF nUM vI sLfml kr lYNdf hY qF Auh iek sLfvnvfdI rvweIaf aKiqafr krdf hY, jo ik nfjIaF dI mfstr rys dIaF iQAUrIaF dI ivsLysLqf hY” (vYnkUvr zylI pRoivMs, 10 mfrc 1944, sPf 6). BfrqI kimAUintI ny lybr minstr qoN mMg kIqI ik Auh afpxy khy sLbd vfps lvy aqy iehnF sLbdF leI BfrqI kimAUintI qoN muafPI mMgy.

Ausy idn asMblI dy spIkr, imstr ivtykr ny pRoivMisLal ielYksLn aYkt ivwc qrmIm krn leI imstr lIPYks vloN pysL kIqy ibwl nUM kuJ qknIkI kfrnF krky afAUt afP afrzr krfr dy idwqf.

14 mfrc 1944
BfrqI knyzIan kimAUintI vloN iek zYlIgysLn lybr minstr jfrj pIarsn nUM imilaf aqy Aus dy ibafnF dy iKlfP Aus nUM iek ros pwqr idwqf. ies zYlIgysLn dy mYNbr sn: nigMdr isMG igwl, sYktrI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI; mihMdr isMG, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ivktorIaf; drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan); aqy jYrI isMG huMdl.

15 mfrc 1944
lwkV snaq ivwc sQfpq XUnIan, ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[), ny imstr pIarsn dy ibafnF dI inKyDI kIqI.

Ausy idn vYnkUvr sn ny asbMlI ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot dyx dy ibwl dI hfr dy hwk ivwc sMpfdkI iliKaf.

22 mfrc 1944
lybr minstr jfrj pIarsn ny Kflsf dIvfn susfietI nUM muafPI df Kq Byijaf pr ieh Kq BfrqI kimAUintI dI qswlI nf krvf sikaf.

29 agsq 1944
vot dI lVfeI nUM hor pRmfixkqf dyx leI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ny bI[ sI[ ivwc rih rhy sfry BfrqIaF df iek srvy krn bfry soicaf. ies srvy ivwc lokF koloN AuhnF dy pirvfrk ipCokV, pVHfeI, kimAUintI leI Xogdfn, srkfr aqy rYWzkrfs dI mdd, jfiedfd aqy ivAupfr ivwc lfey srmfey afid bfry svfl puwCy gey. ies srvy df mksd asMblI dy agly sYsLn awgy pysL krn vflI ptIsLn leI pRmfixk jfxkfrI ieKqr krnf sI.

sqMbr 1944
BfrqI kimAUintI dy nF AuWqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ny bI[ sI[ ivwc vot df hwk lYx ivwc mdd krn leI Bfrq dI srkfr nUM Kq ilKy.

23 akqUbr 1944
bI[ sI[ dI sI[ sI[ aYWP[ pfrtI df lIzr, hYrlz eI[ ivMc vYnkUvr dy gurdvfry af ky BfrqIaF nUM vot dyx dy hwk ivwc boilaf.

19 nvMbr 1944
ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[) df pRYjLIzYNt, hYrlz pirct vYnkUvr dy gurdvfry af ky boilaf. Aus ny BfrqI lokF nUM XkIn idvfieaf ik bI[ sI[ dI sfrI mjLdUr lihr ies jwdojihd ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF dy nfl hY.

5 dsMbr 1944
vot dy hwk dy sMbMD ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF dy iek zYlIgysLn nUM imlx qoN bfad bI[ sI[ dy atfrnI jnrl afr[ aYWl[ mytlYNz ny iek ibafn idwqf ik Auh BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dy hwk ivwc nhIN hY. Aus ny ikhf, “[[[ ErIaYNtl lokF nUM vot dy hwk df svfl ies sUby ivwc 50 sflF qoN nijwiTaf aqy svIkfr kIqf jf cuwkf hY. hux eIst ieMzIan iek aijhI dlIl dy rhy hn jo ipCly smyN nfloN vwKrI hY. pr mYN nhIN smJdf ik awj jdoN sfzy 50,000 nOjvfn dUr jMg lV rhy hn aqy AuhnF qoN puwCy ibnF iksy vI qrHF dI qbdIlI krn bfry socx leI ieh smF TIk hY.” (ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL, 5 dsMbr, 1944, sPf 11)

6 dsMbr 1944
atfrnI jnrl dy ibafn dy pRqIkrm ivwc bolidaF Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy iek pRqIinD ny ikhf ik atfrnI jnrl df ieh ibafn lVfeI ivwc sfzy lokF dI bhfdrI BrI kfrgujLfrI dI hwqk hY. mytlYNz dy ibafn dy ivroD ivwc bolidaF afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[ dy pRYjLIzYNt hYrlz pirct ny ikhf, “atfrnI jnrl df ibafn iek gusqfK ibafn hY[[[.” (vYnkUvr inAUjL hYrlz, 6 dsMbr 1944, sPf 3)

26 jnvrI 1945
vot dy hwk dI gwl krn leI bI[ sI[ dI BfrqI kimAUintI aqy Aus dy dosqF df iek zYlIgysLn bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar jOhn hfrt nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn dy mYNbr sn: nigMdr isMG igwl, sYktrI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI; nirMjn isMG, pRYjLIzYNt Kflsf dIvfn susfietI; drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan); jYrI huMdl; aYWc aYWs grcf; sLRI mqI afeI[ aYs[ bYNs; aYlmor iPlpot, vYnkUvr sn df kflminst; rYvrYNz ey[ eI[ kuwk, syNt jfhn crc; gYrI klhYn, isLwpXfrz jnrl vrkrjL PYzrysLn; jOrzn gfeI, jUnIar borz afP tryz; aqy ims kYQlIn gOrI, gOrzn hfAUs.

29 jnvrI 1945
zOk aYNz isLwpXfrz vrkrjL XUnIan (sI[ sI[ aYWl[) ny iek mqf pfs kIqf ijs ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM bI[ sI[ ivwc vot df hwk dyx dI ihmfieq kIqI geI.

3 PrvrI 1945
isvk ieMplfeIjL XUnIan ny BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx df smrQn kIqf.

7 PrvrI 1945
nYsLnl XUnIan afP EpryitMg ieMjnIar dI lokl iqMn, XUnfeIitz Eiel vrkrjL dI lokl iek aqy soafienqulf aqy ibRtyn mfeInjL dIaF lybr pRogrYisv pfrtI klwbF ny BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx df smrQn kIqf.

17 PrvrI 1945
vYst puafieMt grya prYsbItyrIan crc dy ikrk sYsLn, horQ roz lybr pRogrYisv pfrtI, afeI[ zbilAU[ ey[ dI imsLn lokl, vYnkUvr sYkMzrI tIcrjL aYsosIeysLn aqy XUnfeIitz brdrhuwz afP kfrpYNtrjL aqy juafienrjL (ey[ aYWP[ aYWl[) dI 452 lokl ny BfrqI knyzIanF dy vot dy hwk dI ihmfieq ivwc aYlfn kIqf.

22 PrvrI 1945
BfrqI-knyzIanF dy vot dy aiDkfr sMbMDI awgy idwqIaF jQybMdIaF ny ihmfieq pRgt kIqI: mfeIn, imwl aqy smYltr vrkrjL pfienIr dI lokl 693, pirMs rUprt qoN nYsLnl XUnIan afP msLIinst, iPtrjL aqy hYlprjL dI lokl 1, vYnkUvr qoN msLIinst XUnIan dI lfj 692- lokl 2404, vYnkUvr dI pfeIl zrfeIvrjL XUnIan aqy vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYWP[ df Epn Porm.

3 mfrc 1945
lMzn ivKy ibRitsL kfmnvYlQ rIlysLnjL sMbMDI hoeI kfnPrMs ivwc knyzf aqy Bfrq dy zYlIgytF ny bI[ sI[ ivwc BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx dy svfl AuWqy gwlbfq kIqI.

15 mfrc 1945
bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ivwc vYnkUvr sYNtr qoN sI[ sI[ aYP dy mYNbr zbilAU[ zbilAU[ lIPYks ny bI[ sI[ dI asMblI ivwc sUby dy ielYksLn aYkt nUM bdlx leI iek qrmIm pysL kIqI qF ik BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM bI[ sI[ ivwc vot df hwk idwqf jf sky.

28 mfrc 1945
BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyx leI sI[ sI[ aYWP[ vloN pysL kIqy gey ibwl dI bI[ sI[ asMblI ivwc cfr votF dy Prk (18-22) nfl hfr ho geI.

7 apRYl 1945
BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx leI asMblI ivwc pysL kIqy ibwl dI hfr hox dI aflocnf kridaF, drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan) ny ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL dy 7 apRYl 1945 dy aMk ivwc iek Kq iliKaf.

akqUbr 1945
Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ny dsMbr 1945 nUM hox vflI bI[ sI[ dI ielYksLn ivwc KVHy hr AumIdvfr nUM BfrqI-knyzIanF dy vot dy hwk bfry iek Kq Byijaf. Kq ivwc iliKaf sI: “ihtlr dy PfsLIvfd aqy jfpfn dy DwkV aqy hmlfvfrI rvweIey AuWpr ijwq pRfpq krky lVfeI dy Kfqmy nfl asIN mihsUs krdy hF ik sfry knyzf vfsIaF jo ibRitsL sbjYkt hn aqy eIst ieMzIanF nUM dUijaF dy brfbr dy lokqMqirk aiDkfr imlxy cfhIdy hn.” (vYnkUvr sn, 18 akqUbr 1945, sPf 21)

21 akqUbr 1946
zf: pFzIaf, afeI[ aYWs[ bYNs aqy vqn isMG iek zYlIgysLn dy rUp ivwc bI[ sI[ dy pRImIar jOhn hfrt nUM imly. mIitMg ivwc AuhnF BfrqI-knyzIanF dy vot dy hwk dy msly bfry gwl kIqI.

1 nvMbr 1946
bI[ sI[ dy ielYksLn aYkt nUM rIvIAU krn leI bxI lYijslyitv kmytI dI vYnkUvr ivwc hoeI iek suxvfeI dOrfn BfrqI kimAUintI vloN zf: pFzIaf ny iek brIP pysL kIqf.

ies hI idn vYnkUvr ivwc Cpdy aKbfr vYnkUvr inAUjL hYrlz ny BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx dy hwk ivwc sMpfdkI iliKaf.

7 nvMbr 1946
bI[ sI[ ielYksLn aYkt nUM rIvIAU krn leI bxI srb-pfrtI kmytI ny BfrqI knyzIanF, jfpfnIaF aqy cIinaF nUM bI[ sI[ ivwc vot df aiDkfr dyx dI isPfirsL kIqI.

6 PrvrI 1947
Bfrq dI ientrm srkfr dy AuWp-pRDfn aqy ivdysLI mfmilaF dy mMqrI pMizq jvfhr lfl nihrU ny kyNdrI asMblI ivwc bolidaF ikhf, “Bfrq srkfr ny knyzf dI srkfr nfl ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx bfry gwl kIqI hY.” (dI zylI kOlOinst, 6 PrvrI 1947, sPf 1)

2 apRYl 1947
bI[ sI[ ivwc BfrqIaF, jfpfnIaF aqy cIinaF nUM vot df aiDkfr dyx leI asMblI ivwc ibwl-85 pfs kIqf igaf. ijs dy nqIjy vjoN BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM bI[ sI[ dy nfl nfl knyzf pwDr AuWqy vI vot df hwk pRfpq ho igaf.

11 apRYl 1947
eIst ieMzIan pRogrYisv susfietI dy sYktrI nigMdr isMG igwl (jo pihlF Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vYnkUvr df sYktrI huMdf sI) nUM istIjLnisLwp pypr imly. ieh mMinaf jFdf hY ik knyzf df nfgirk bxn vfl Auh pihlf BfrqI sI.

16 sqMbr 1947
ibRitsL kolMbIaf sUby dIaF imAuNspYltIaF dI XUnIan ny iek mqf pfs kIqf ijs nfl BfrqI-knyzIanF nUM imAUNspl pwDr AuWqy vot df aiDkfr pRfpq hoieaf. ieh mqf vYnkUvr qoN ibnF bI[ sI[ dIaF sfrIaF imAUNspYltIaF AuWqy lfgU huMdf sI.

23 akqUbr 1947
vYnkUvr istI kfAuNsl dI lYijslyitv kmytI dI mIitMg hoeI. ies mIitMg ivwc BfrqI-knyzIan kimAUintI vloN iek zYlIgysLn ny ihwsf ilaf ijs dy mYNbr sn: zf: pFzIaf, kpUr isMG, krqfr isMG aqy eIsLr isMG. ies mIitMg ivwc vYnkUvr istI dy cfrtr ivwc qrmIm krky vYnkUvr dy BfrqIaF nUM vYnkUvr dI imAUNspYltI ivwc vot df hwk dy idwqf igaf.

Bibliography

BOOKS AND JOURNALS ARTICLES

Canadian Annual Review, 1922, pp. 198-202
Dhillon, Mahinder Singh. The Sikhs in Canada and California. Vancouver: Shromani Akali Dal Association of Canada, 1981.
Hilliker, J. F. “The British Columbia Franchise and Canadian Relations with India in Wartime.” B.C. Studies, Summer 1980, pp 40-60.
Khalsa Diwan Society. Report on Dominion, Provincial and Municipal Franchise For The Hindus in British Columbia, Victoria, 1947.
Lowes, G. H. The Sikhs of B.C. (Graduating Essay), UBC, 1952.
Muthana, I. M. People of India in North America. Banglore, 1975.
Sandhu, Kernial Singh. “Indian Immigration and Racial Prejudice in British Columbia: Some Preliminary Observations.” in Peoples Of the Living Land ed. Julian V. Minghi, Vancouver: Tantalus Research Limited, 1972.

NEWSPAPERS

The Daily Colonist

1922 (Aug. 20) “Urges Equal Status For East Indians”: 27.
1923 (Nov. 22) “Alberni Member Opposes Vote For Orientals in B.C.”: 3.
1927 (Apr. 12) “Hindus Petition Lord Willingdon”: 5.
1928 (Sept.12) “The Daily Colonist”: 1
1930 (Jul. 25) “Hindus May Have Votes Save in B.C.” :1.
1942 (Oct. 10) “East Indians Wish To Vote”: 3
1943 (Mar. 3) “East Indians Ask Elimination of Racial Barriers”: 10.
1944 (Mar. 9) “Reserve Decision On Election Bill”: 2.
(Mar. 10) “Ruled Out of Order”: 7.
(Mar. 16) “Defeat Vote for East Indians”: 2
1946 (Oct. 16) “Province to Be Asked To Give Vote Hindus”: 1.
(Oct. 22) “To Ask Vote for East Indians In Brief to Special Committee” :21.
1947 (Feb. 6) “BC Franchise Desire of India”: 1.
(Apr. 4) “Franchise Seen New Stimulus To Hindu Community in B.C.” : 3.
(Sept. 17) “Municipalities Endorse Voice for B.C. Hindus” : 1.

The Vancouver Daily Province

1928 (Sept. 14) “Demand Votes For Natives of India”: 13.
1932 (Aug. 9) “Sir Atul Chatterjee Asks Vote to Be Given B.C. Hindus”:16
1942 (Jan. 14) “East Indians Vote is Urged”: 12.
(Oct. 13) “Seeking The Franchise”: 4
1943 (Mar. 2) “East Indians Ask Franchise”: 14.
(Dec. 14) “East Indians’ Vote Is Urged”: 16
1944 (Jan. 28) “Asiatic Races Ask for Vote”: 13
(Mar. 9) “Perry Halt Measure On East Indian Vote”: 15
(Mar. 10) “East Indian Demand Pearson Apologize or Repeat Words”: 6
(Mar. 15) “Unions Dispute Pearson Opinion” :5
(Mar. 15) “East Indians Bring Protest to Pearson” : 13.
(Mar. 16) “East Indians Should Vote Stays Perry” : 7.
(Oct. 23) “CCF Leader Turns Teacher At Sikh Meeting” : 5.
1945 (Jan. 26) “East Indian Group Meets Government”, :5
(Feb. 3) “Civic Employees Endorse Hindu Citizenship Appeal” : 5
(Apr. 7) “BC’s East Indians Unworthy Of Citizenship, Says Factor”: 9
1946 (Oct. 19) “B.C. and India” : 4.

Vancouver News Herald

1942 (Aug. 28) “Vote For B.C. East Indians Urged to Combat Bitterness” : 7
(Oct. 9) “B.C.’s East Indian Population Petitions Government For Vote”: 3.
(Oct. 10) “The Right to Vote” : 4
1944 (Mar. 11) “In Our Time”: 4
(Mar. 16) “The Blame is Ours”: 4
(Mar. 22) “Hindus Repeat Demands For Public Statement, Aplogy From Pearson”: 3
(Apr. 10) “Voting Privilege Again Demanded”: 3
(Apr. 16) “Society Continues Pearson Battle”: 3.
(Aug. 29) “Hindus Organize Franchise Drive”: 3
(Sept. 20) “East Indians Ask Homeland For Aid”: 1
(Oct. 23) “Winch Pleads Franchise Rights For East Indians Residing Here”:3
(Dec. 6) “Maitland’s Stand on Vote Shocks Sikhs”: 3
(Dec. 27) “Votes For Hindus”: 4
1945 (Jan. 26) “Sikhs To Meet Cabinet On Franchise; Hopeful”: 7
(Feb. 7) “Support Given Sikh Franchise”: 3.
(Feb. 16) “Chinese, Sikhs Launch Franchise Battle”:11
(Mar. 26) “East Indian Vote Not Seen Threat” : 2
1946 (Aug. 13) “BC Hindus Cited by Gandhi Diciple” : 5
(Oct. 23) “BC House Faces Oriental Vote Storm”: 6
(Nov. 1) “East Indians and the Vote”: 4
(Nov. 1) “Indian Vote To Be Probed” : 5
(Nov. 2) “Sweeping Electoral Act Changes Asked” : 2
(Nov. 8) “Committee Plans To Enfranchise Orientals In B.C.” :9
1947 (Apr. 11) “City E. Indian Gets Citizenship Paper”: 6
(Sept. 10) “Alderman Back Request By E. Indians For Vote”:3
(Sept. 17) “Municipal Vote Right For East Indians Ok’d By UBCM Meet,; Awaits Govt. Move” : 2
(Sept. 18) “Votes For Indians” : 8.

Vancouver Sun

1942 (Oct. 9) “East Indians Ask Right to Vote in B.C.”: 9.
1943 (Mar. 2) “East Indians Ask Cabinet For Franchise” : 9
(Mar. 3) “Hart Ponders Franchise For East Indians”: 8
1944 (Mar. 9) “B.C. Hindus Flayed by Pearson As Unworthy of Receiving Vote”: 9
(Mar. 9) “East Indian Says Pearson Attack Unfair”: 22
(Mar. 10) “Say It in Public, Hindu Challenge”: 9.
(Mar. 13) “East Indians to Seek Meeting With Pearson”: 5
(Mar. 15) “Pearson Advised To Retract Words” : 5
(Mar. 15) “Pearosn to Put It in Writing”: 8
(Mar. 16) “Don’t Forget the Past”: 4
(Mar. 21) “Insult to East Indians”: 4
(Mar. 22) “Pearson Apology Fails To Soothe East Indians”: 10
(May 16) “East Indians”: 4
(Aug. 30) “Indians to Canvass Support For Vote”: 19
(Nov. 20) “Labor Backing For East Indian Vote”: 6.
(Dec. 5) “Maitland Sees No Hope for Asiatic’s Vote”: 10
1945 (Feb. 12) “East Indians Get Support For Vote”: 5
(Feb. 17) “More Support for Vote for Indians”: 15
(Feb. 22) “Unions Seeking Votes For B.C. East Indians”: 19
(Mar. 3) “Status of B.C. Sikhs Probed” : 1
(Mar. 15) “East Indian Plan Campaign For Votes”: 5
(Mar. 16) “CCF Pressing Franchise for East Indians”: 4
(Oct. 18) “East Indians Push Demand for Votes”: 21
1947 (Sept. 10) “Council Sidetracks East Indian Votes”: 10


Victoria Daily Times

1922 (Aug. 14) “Sastri To Ask Government For Vote For Hindus” : 16
(Aug. 19) “Wants Hindus To Vote Here”: 1
(Nov. 20) “Warns Ottawa Not To Allow Asiatics Franchise in B.C.”: 2
1923 (Nov. 28) “No Votes For Hindus in B.C., Hands Off Warning to Ottawa”: 1
1927 (Apr. 11) “Hindustanis See Governor General On Citizenship”: 9
1942 (Oct. 9) “B.C. East Indians Object To Service Without Vote”: 2
1943 (Mar. 1) “Hindus Demand Vote in B.C.”: 1
(Mar. 2) “East Indians See B.C. Cabinet On Franchise Plea”: 11
1944 (Feb. 26) “Vote For Hindus Urged In House”: 5
(Mar. 9) “Minister Finds B.C. East Indians Create Labor Law Problem” : 14
(Mar. 14) “Pearson Receives East Indian Protest”: 11
(Dec. 5) “Maitland Opposes East Indians’ Vote” : 11
1945 (Jan. 26) “East Indians of B.C. Ask Government for Vote”: 13
(Jan. 29) “Shipyard Ask Vote”: 2
(Mar. 14) “To Give Hindus Vote” : 11
(Mar. 28) “Four Votes Kill Right of Franchise For Hindus in B.C.” : 8
(Apr. 7) “Franchise For East Indians”: 4
(Apr. 12) “Vote and East Indians” : 4
1946 (Aug. 13) “B.C. Sikh Treatment May Fix India Policy”: 8
(Oct. 21) “ Dr. Pandia Appeals For Hindu Franchise”: 15
(Nov. 7) “BC East Indians May Get Vote”: 5