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sQfeI kflm / prdf jo AuWT igaf
prmfxU ibjlI bfry kuwJ svfl
suKvMq huMdl (shundal@sfu.ca)
 

 

(ies kflm ivwc Auh jfxkfrI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI jFdI hY, ijhVI muwK Dfrf dy mIzIey ivwc nhIN imldI jF hfsLIey AuWpr Dwk idwqI jFdI hY.)

prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn (awgy prmfxU ibjlI) dI sLurUafq 1950ivaF ivwc hoeI sI. 27 jUn 1954 nUM sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ivwc bixaf EbinMsk inAUklIar pfvr plFt dunIaf ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vflf pihlf plFt mMinaf jFdf hY. vpfrk pwDr AuWqy prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vflf pihlf plFt ieMglYNz ivwc 1956 ivwc cflU hoieaf aqy amrIkf ivwc dsMbr 1957 ivwc.(1) sLurU dy kuJ dhfikaF dOrfn prmfxU ibjlI dy Auqpfdn ivwc qyjLI nfl vfDf hoieaf pr bfad ivwc ies dy vfDy dI rPqfr DImI ho geI. ies rPqfr dy DImI hox dy kfrnF ivwcoN kuwJ muwK kfrn sn: prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtf dy inrmfx AuWpr afAux vflI vwzI lfgq, cldy plFtF ivwc iksy gMBIr durGtnf ho jfx kfrn vwzI pwDr AuWqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy lIk ho jfx df Kqrf, cldy plFtF ivwc inmn pwDr AuWqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI lIk hox kfrn plFtF dy nyVly ielfikaF ivwc rihMdy lokF dI ishq AuWqy pYx vfly mfVy asrF df Kqrf aqy plFtF dy cwlx nfl pYdf hox vflI aiq dI Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KuhMd (vyst) nUM sFBx leI iksy pfeydfr ZMg dI axhoNd. sMn 1978 ivwc amrIkf ivwc QrI mfeIl afielYNz aqy sMn 1986 ivwc sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ivwc cYrnoibl ivKy siQq plFtF ivwc hoeIaF durGtnfvF kfrn prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy AudXog nUM vwzf Dwkf lwgf. agly do ZfeI dhfikaF dOrfn amrIkf ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vflf koeI nvF plFt cflU nf hoieaf aqy keI dysLF ny prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy afpxy pRojYktF nUM rwd kr idwqf. Audfhrn leI QrI mfeIl afeIlYNz dI durGtnf qoN bfad, sMn 1980 ivwc iek rYPrYNzm qoN bfad svIzn dI pfrlImYNt ny PYslf ilaf ik AuWQy prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly hor plFt nhIN lfey jfxgy aqy 2010 qwk AuWQoN dy prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly pRogrfm nUM bMd kr idwqf jfvygf.(2) ies hI qrHF cYrnoibl dI durGtnf qoN bfad sMn 1987 ivwc ietlI ny prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn bfry iek rYPrYNzm krvfieaf aqy Aus dy nqIjy vwjoN sMn 1988 ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn df pRojYkt Twp kr idwqf.(3) jrmnI ivwc aYNtI inAUklIar lihr dy dbfa kfrn 1980ivaF dy awD qoN bfad prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy psfr AuWqy rok lf idwqI geI aqy Aus qoN bfad AuWQy koeI vI nvF plFt nhIN lwgf. sMn 2000 ivwc jrmnI dI srkfr ny aYlfn kIqf ik jrmnI ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krnI bMd kr idwqI jfvygI aqy dysL ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly 19 plFt hOlI hOlI bMd kr idwqy jfxgy aqy prmfxU AUrjf dI isvl vrqoN 2020 qoN bfad bMd kr idwqI jfvygI.(4) ies qrHF dy mfhOl dy nqIjy vwjoN vIhvIN sdI dy aKIrly do ZfeI dhfikaF dOrfn prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn df pRojYkt ibjlI pYdf krn df koeI vwzf sRoq nf bx sikaf.

pr ipCly kuJ sflF dOrfn prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy pRogrfm ivwc iPr qyjLI afAuxI sLurU ho geI hY. sMn 2009 dy jUn mhIny dy pihly hPqy prmfxU snaq dy kriqaF DriqaF ny amrIkf dI kFgrs nUM dwisaf ik dunIaF Br ivwc ies smyN prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly ivAuNq aDIn jF AusfrI aDIn plFtf dI igxqI 429 ho geI hY.(5) vrlz inAUklIar aYsosIeysLn dI sqMbr 2009 ivwc jfrI hoeI iek irport anusfr ies smyN dunIaF Br ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly 50 rIaYktr AusfrI aDIn hn, 130 jF ies qoN vwD rIaYktr agly 10 sflF ivwc cflU ho jfxgy aqy Aus qoN bfad 200 hor rIaYktrF dy inrmfx dI Xojnf hY.(6) iehnF rIaYktrF df inrmfx dunIaF dy ivksq dysLF qwk sImq nhIN sgoN dunIaF dy ivkfssLIl aqy axivksq dysLF ivwc vI iehnF dy inrmfx dI Xojnf hY. Audfhrn leI, cIn ny ipCly pMj sflF ivwc awT plFt jF qF mukMml kr ley hn jF AuhnF dI AusfrI sLurU kIqI hY, aqy AuWQy sMn 2009 dy aKIr qwk 22 hor rIaYktrF df inrmfx sLurU ho jfvygf. ihMdusqfn df 2020 qwk prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly vIh qoN qIh nvyN plFt Ausfrn df insLfnf hY. amrIkf ivwc 25 nvyN plFtF dy inrmfx dIaF XojnfvF hn. PrFs, rUs, iPnlYNz aqy brqfnIaf ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dI afpxI afpxI smrwQf ivwc vfDf krn dI XojnfvF hn. ietlI ny prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy Twp kIqy gey afpxy pRogrfmF nUM dubfrf sLurU krn df PYslf ilaf hY. ies hI qrHF svIzn ny prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy pRogrfm nUM Kqm krn dy PYsly nUM Kqm kr idwqf hY. jfpfn aqy sfAUQ korIaf ivwc kRmvfr 15 aqy 12 nvyN rIaYktr bxfAux dI Xojnf hY. ies hI qrHF bulgfrIaf, cYk irpbilk, rumfnIaf, slovInIaf, qurkI, polYNz, aYsqonIaf, lfqIvf, pfiksqfn, bMglfdysL, XUnfietz arb aYmrIts, jOrzn, vIaqnfm, ieMzonysLIaf, QfeIlYNz, iPlpIn, kjLfKisqfn, sfAUQ aPrIkf, nfeIjIrIaf afid dysLF dIaF prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dI afpxI mOjUdf smrwQf vDfAux jF ies Kyqr ivwc nvIN sLurUafq krn dIaF XojnfvF hn.(7) iehnF qwQF dy afDfr AuWqy prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy sMbMD ivwc pYdf hoey ies ruJfn nUM prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn dy pRojYkt dI muV surjIqI df nF idwqf igaf hY.

ies muV surjIqI dy ieh muwK kfrn dwsy jf rhy hn: prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn nfl vfqfvrx dI qbdIlI ivwc rok lfAux ivwc mdd imlygI, AUrjf dy sRoqF vjoN qyl, gYs aqy koly AuWpr inrBrqf GtyygI aqy bhuqy dysLF dI afpxIaF afpxIaF AUrjf dIaF loVF dI pUrqI leI dUsry dysLF AuWqy inrBrqf GtygI. ies lyK ivwc ieh dyiKaf jfvygf ik prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy sMbMD ivwc kIqy jf rhy ieh dfavy ikMny ku swcy hn. ies dy nfl nfl AuhnF srokfrF AuWpr vI gOr kIqf jfvygf ijhnF krky pihly kuwJ dhfikaF qoN bfad prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy kfrj dI rPqfr DImI ho geI sI. iehnF srokfrF ivwc sLfml hn: prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn vfly plFtF AuWqy afAux vflI vwzI lfgq, cwldy plFtF ivwc durGtnf hox kfrn ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy lIk hox df Kqrf, prmfxU ibjlI plFtF nUM clfAux kfrn lIk huMdI inmn pwDr dI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI kfrn lokF dI ishq AuWqy pYx vfly asr aqy iehnF plFtF nUM clfAux kfrn pYdf hox vflI aiq dI Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUhMd (vyst).

vfqfvrn dI qbdIlI ivwc rok

kI prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn nfl vfqfvrx ivwc af rhI qbdIlI nUM roikaf jf skygf? ies svfl dy juafb leI sB qoN pihlF sfnUM ieh jfxnf pvygf ik vfqfvrx dI qbdIlI hY kI? vfqfvrn dI qbdIlI DrqI dy vfqfvrn ivwc afeI Auh qbdIlI hY jo lMmy smyN qwk rihMdI hY. vfqfvrn dI qbdIlI “globl vfrimMg” pYdf krdI hY Bfv DrqI dy vfqfvrn dy qfpmfn ivwc vfDf krdI hY. globl vfrimMg dy keI kfrn hn pr ies smyN mnuwKF vloN afpxy rihx-sihx leI bfly jf rhy qyl, kolf, gYsF afid nfl pYdf ho rhIaF grIn hfAUs gYsF (kfrbn zfieaOksfeIz, imQyn afid) nUM globl vfrimMg df vwzf kfrn mMinaf jf irhf hY. vfqfvrn ivwc iehnF gYsF dI vwD mfqrf nfl sUrj dI grmI DrqI dy vfqfvrn ivwc af qF skdI hY pr bfhr nhIN inkl skdI. ijs dy nqIjy vwjoN DrqI dy vfqfvrn dy qfpmfn ivwc vfDf ho irhf hY. qfpmfn ivwc ies vfDy nfl DrqI AuWqy keI qrHF dIaF kudrqI afPqF (hVH, sokf, JwKV, smuMdrI pfxIaF dy qfpmfn ivwc vfDy afid) dy vwD jfx dIaF aqy Aus dy nqIjy vjoN mnuwKI jIvn AuWqy bhuq mfVy asr pYx dIaF sMBfvnfvF hn.

ies leI ieh bhuq jLrUrI hY ik vfqfvrx ivwc ho rhI qbdIlI nU roikaf jfvy. prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy ihmfieqIaF df kihxf hY ik prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn nfl vfqfvrn ivwc ho rhI qbdIlI AuWqy rok lwg skdI hY ikAuNik prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly plFt vfqfvrx ivwc grIn hfAUs gYsF nhIN Cwzdy. pr prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn dy aflockF dI dlIl hY ik ieh swc nhIN hY. afpxI dlIl dy pwK ivwc Auh keI AudfhrnF idMdy hn.

inAU ieMtrnYsLnilst mYgjLIn dy sqMbr 2005 ivwc aYzm mfint dy Cpy iek afrtIkl ivwc ikhf igaf hY ik ieh swc hY ik prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly plFt grIn hfAUs gYsF nhIN Cwzdy, pr jy asIN prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy smuwcy kfrj nUM iDafn ivwc rwKIey qF asIN dyKFgy ik ies kfrj dOrfn vI vwzI mfqrf ivwc grIn hfAUs gYsF pYdf huMdIaF hn. Audfhrx leI KfxF ivwcoN XUrynIam kwZx, ies XUrynIam nUM ienirc krn (prmfxU ibjlI dy plFt ivwc bflxXog bxfAux) leI, XUrynIam dI dUnIaF dy vwK vwK ihwisaF qwk Zoaf-ZuafeI, prmfxU plFtF dI AusfrI aqy zIkimsLinMg (afpxI imafd pugfAux bfad prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF nUM bMd krnf - ies bfry hor ivsQfr awgy) aqy ies prmfxU plFtF qoN pYdf hox vflI ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUhMd dI surwiKaq sMBfl, Zoaf-ZuafeI afid leI vwzI pwDr AuWqy qyl aqy koly vrgy AUrjf sRoqF dI vrqoN krnI pYNdI hY ijs nfl grIn hfAUs gYsF pYdf huMdIaF hn.(8)

ies sMbMD ivwc dUsrI dlIl ieh hY ik vfqfvrx ivwc qbdIlI AuWqy rok lfAux leI jLrUrI hY ik aijhy hwl lwBy jfx ijhnF dI vrqoN iek dm ho sky. pr prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn vfly plFt nUM ivAuNqx, Ausfrx aqy cflU krn leI 10 ku sfl dy krIb smF lwg jFdf hY. ies leI prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn dy pRojYkt rfhIN vfqfvrx dI qbdIlI nUM rokx df hwl ies qbdIlI nUM rokx ivwc sLfied dyrI kr dyvy. ies dy nfl hI vfqfvrn dI qbdIlI ivwc rok lfAux leI sfnUM dunIaF Br ivwc vwzI igxqI ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly plFt lfAuxy pYxgy. inAU ieMtrnYsLnilst mYgjLIn dy Auprokq aMk ivwc hI XUnfeItyz nysLnjL dI ieMtrgvrmYNtl pYnl aOn klfeImyt cyNj df hvflf dy ky ikhf igaf hY ik dunIaF dI pwDr AuWqy CwzI jf rhI kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz ivwc ijLkrXog kmI krn leI sfnUM sMn 2100 qwk 3000 nvyN prmfxU rIaYktr lfAuxy pYxgy. kI prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vflI snaq eynI vwzI igxqI ivwc rIaYktrF df inrmfx kr skygI? keI ivdvfnF df dfavf hY ik aijhf kr skxf bhuq musLikl hovygf.

jy asIN dunIaF dIaF ibjlI dIaF loVF prmfxU ibjlI nfl pUrIaF krn ivwc kfmXfb vI ho jFdy hF qF ies df vfqfvrn dI qbdIlI ivwc rok lfAux AuWqy ikwzf ku vwzf asr pvygf? ies smyN dunIaF Br ivwc ibjlI dy Auqpfdn kfrn pYdf hox vflIaF grInhfAUs gYsF dI mfqrf dunIaF Br ivwc pYdf hox vflIaF grInhfAUs gYsF dI mfqrf df isrP 16 PIsdI bxdI hY. (9) ies leI jy asIN smuwcf ibjlI Auqpfdn prmfxU AUrjf nfl kr vI leIey qF vI asIN dunIaF ivwc CwzIaF jf rhIaF 84 PIsdI grInhfAUs gYsF AuWqy koeI asr nhIN pf skFgy.

kI prmfxU ibjlI nfl qyl, gYs aqy koly AuWpr inrBrqf GtyygI?

awj mnuwK qyl, gYs aqy koly dI vrqo isrP ibjlI Auqpfdn leI hI nhIN krdf sgoN keI qrHF dIaF vwK vwK AUrjf loVF (ijvyN afvfjfeI, snaqI Auqpfdn, Kfxf ivwcoN Kixj pdfrQ kwZx, KyqIbfVI afid) pUrIaF krn leI krdf hY. pr prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn df pRojYkt isrP ibjlI nfl sMbMDq hY. ies leI jy vwK vwK dysL afpxIaF ibjlI dIaF loVF prmfxU ibjlI nfl pUrIaF kr vI lYx qF vI Auh afpxIaF dUsrIaF AUrjf loVF leI qyl, gYs, koly afid AuWqy inrBr rihxgy. Audfhrn leI, kfrngI ieMzfEmYNt Pfr ieMtrnYsLnl pIs dI sInIar aYsosIeyt sLYrn skuafsonI ny akqUbr 2008 ivwc Cpy afpxy iek pypr ivwc dlIl idwqI hY ik amrIkf ivwc Kpq huMdI kuwl AUrjf df 40 PIsdI ihwsf qyl qoN afAuNdf hY pr amrIkf ivwc vrqI jfx vflI ibjlI df 1[6 PIsdI hI qyl dI vrqoN nfl pYdf kIqf jFdf hY.(10) ies leI jy amrIkf ivwc vrqI jfx vflI sfrI ibjlI vI prmfxU AUrjf nfl pYdf kr leI jfvy qF vI amrIkf dI qyl AuWqy inrBrqf nhIN GtygI. PrFs aqy jfpfn afpxIaF ibjlI dIaF loVF dI pUrqI leI vwzI pwDr AuWqy prmfxU ibjlI dI vrqoN krdy hn pr afpxIaF avfjfeI aqy snaqI loVF kfrn Auh qyl AuWqy afpxI inrBrqf Gwt nhIN kr sky. Audfhrn leI sMn 2007 ivwc PrFs ivwc qyl dI rojLfnf Kpq 19[5 lwK bYrl sI.(11)

inrBrqf dy sMbMD ivwc prmfxU AUrjf dy ihmfieqIaF vwloN iek gwl hor pRcfrI jf rhI hY ik prmfxU ibjlI dy Auqpfdn nfl keI dysL ibjlI dy Auqpfdn dy Kyqr ivwc svY-inrBr hox vwl vDxgy. pr prmfxU ibjlI dy aflockF df kihxf hY ik prmfxU ibjlI dI vrqoN iehnF dysLF nUM iek nvyN ZMg nfl dUsry dysLF AuWqy inrBr bxf dyvygI. vrlz inAUklr aYsosIeysLn dI iek qwQ sLIt anusfr dunIaf ivwc XUrynIam dy kuwl Auqpfdn df 60 PIsdI ihwsf iqMn dysLF - kYnyzf, astRylIaf aqy kjLfKsqfn- ivwc huMdf hY. iehnF dysLF qoN bfad XUrynIam dy Auqpfdn ivwc mhwqvpUrn QF rwKx vfly dysL hn: nFbIaf, rUs, nfiejr, AujLbyiksqfn aqy amrIkf. sMn 2008 ivwc dunIaf ivwc XUrynIam dI kuwlH ivkrI df 80 PIsdI ihwsf 7 kfrporysLnF - irE itMto, kYmko, arIvf, kYjLaYtmprOm, ey afr aYm jYWz, bI aYWc pI iblItn aqy nYvOeI- vwloN vyicaf igaf.(12) iehnF qwQF dy afDfr AuWqy spsLt ikhf jf skdf hY ik prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly dysL afpxy plFtF ivwc bfly jfx vfly bflx (XUrynIam) leI kuwJ muwTI Br dysLF aqy kfrporysLnF AuWqy inrBr ho jfxgy.

ies dy nfl hI prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF df inrmfx krn leI loVINdI qknOlOjI, jfc aqy smrwQf dunIaf ivwc isrP kuJ iek vwzIaf kfrporysLnF dy kol hY. Audfhrn leI, prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF ivwc lfeI jfx vflI msLInrI ivwcoN 9 iksm dI msLInrI (ijvyN vwzy pRYsLr vYsl, stIm jnrytr afid) isrP jfpfn dI kMpnI jfpfn stIl vrks vwloN hI bxfeI jFdI hY. (13) ies qrHF dI siQqI ivwc prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy plFt lfAux vfly dysLF nUM iehnF plFtF dy inrmfx leI iehnF QoVHIaF ijhIaF kfrporysLnF AuWqy inrBr hoxf pvygf.

prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF dI AusfrI AuWqy lfgq

bysLwk prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF dI AusfrI AuWqy afAux vflI lfgq bfry vwK vwK irportF ivwc vwK vwK aMkVy idwqy gey hn, pr iehnF irportF ivwc iek gwl bfry pwkI sihmqI hY ik prmfxU plFtF dI AusfrI bhuq mihMgI hY. vwK vwK irportF anusfr iek prmfxU plFt dI AusfrI AuWqy 4-12 arb zflr dI lfgq afAuNdI hY. ieh aMkVy isrP Gwto Gwt rkm dy aMdfjLy hI hn. sMBfvnfvF ieh hY ik BivwK ivwc Ausfry jfx vfly prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF AuWpr ies qoN vwD Krc afvygf ikAuNik prmfxU ibjlI dI snaq df ipClf irkfrz ieh drsfAuNdf hY ik prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF dI AusfrI AuWqy hmysLF hI pihlF imwQI geI rkm nfloN vwD Krcf afieaf hY. jfpdf ieMj hY ik ies irkfrz ivwc mOjUdf smyN ivwc vI koeI suDfr nhIN hoieaf. Audfhrn leI PrFssI kMpnI arIvf vwloN iPnlYNz ivwc ies smyN Ausfiraf jf irhf prmfxU plFt mukMml hox leI imwQy smyN qoN 2 sfl lyt hY aqy ies dy bwjt ivwc 2[1 arb zflr vwD lwgx dI sMBfvnf hY.(14)

iehnF plFtF AuWqy afAux vflI eynI lfgq kfrn prmfxU ibjlI plFt Ausfrn vflIaF kMpnIaF srkfrI mdd qoN ibnF prmfxU ibjlI Auqpfdn dy pRojYkt nUM hwQ pfAux leI iqafr nhIN. nqIjy vwjoN ivksq dysLF dIaF srkfrF vwloN iehnF kMpnIaF nUM keI qrHF dI afriQk shfieqf idwqI jf rhI hY. Audfhrn leI, sMn 2005 ivwc amrIkf dI srkfr ny afpxy aYnrjI pflsI aYkt aDIn, prmfxU ibjlI plFtF dI AusfrI AuWqy afAux vflI lfgq dy 80 PIsdI qwk leI lon grMtIaF dyx df pRbMD kIqf hY. ies dy nfl hI ies aYkt ivwc sMn 2008 qoN pihlF pihlF PYzrl srkfr qoN pRvfngI pRfpq krn vfly hr iek prmfxU ibjlI plFt leI awT sflF leI 12[5 kroV zflr qwk dy tYks krYizt dyx dI md rwKI geI hY.(15) lfs aYNjls tfeImjL Cpy iek sMpfdkI anusfr sMn 2006 ivwc amrIkf dI prmfxU snaq nUM tYks dyx vfilaF dy isr AuWqy idwqIaF geIaF sbszIaF dI rkm 9 arb zflr qwk bxdI hY.(16) prmfxU ibjlI dy keI aflockF df mwq hY ik prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn df pRojYkt srkfrF vwloN ies Kyqr ivwc kMm kr rhIaF vwzIaF kMpnIaF nUM pYsy dyx df iek bhfnf hY. Audfhrn leI, lMzn qoN inkldy aKbfr gfrzIan ny prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy pRojYkt dy ieiqhfs AuWqy itwpxI kridaF iliKaf hY ik “ieh ieiqhfs tYks dyx vfilaF vwloN vwzIaF prmfxU kMpnIaF nUM ngdI dyx df ieiqhfs hY.” (17)

AusfrI qoN ibnF prmfxU ibjlI plFtF nfl sMbMDq iek hor vwzf Krcf hY “lfieibltI ieMsLorYNs” krvfAux df Krcf. cwldy prmfxU ibjlI plFt ivwc iksy gMBIr aYksIzYNt hox kfrn Kqrnfk ryizEaYkitv smwgrI dy lIk hox df Kqrf hmysLF bixaf rihMdf hY. ies qrHF dy aYksIzYNt hox kfrn plFt dy afly duafly dy ielfikaF ivwc jfnI aqy mflI nuksfn hox kfrn plFt dI mflk kMpnI nUM sYNkVy arbF zflrF df muafvjLf dyxf pY skdf hY. eyny vwzy muafvjLy df Bugqfn krn Xog hox leI prmfxU ibjlI plFtF nUM iesLorYNs krvfAux dI loV hY. pr muafvjLf dyx dI ies qrHF dI sMBfvnf kfrn ies ieMsLorYNs krvfAux df Krcf bhuq vwzf hY. prmfxU ibjlI kMpnIaF qoN ies Krcy df Bfr GtfAux leI srkfrF kfnUMn bxf rhIaF hn. Audfhrn leI, sMn 2005 ivwc amrIkf dI srkfr vloN pfs kIqy aYnrjI pOlsI aYkt anusfr prmfxU plFtF ivwc durGtnf hox kfrn ibjlI pYdf krn vflIaF kMpnIaF AuWqy durGtnf kfrn hoey nuksfn bdly muafvjLf idwqy jfx dI ijLMmyvfrI dI vwD qoN vwD hwd 10 arb zflr qwk sImq kr idwqI geI hY.(18) ies nfl prmfxU ibjlI kMpnIaF nUM qF afpxI ijLMmyvfrI qoN rfhq imlygI pr prmfxU ibjlI plFt ivwc hoey iksy gMBIr aYksIzYNt nfl pIVq lok afpxy nuksfn df pUrn muafvjLf lYx qoN vFJy rih jfxgy.

prmfxU ibjlI plFtF dI lfgq ivwc prmfxU ibjlI kMpnIaF dI srkfrF vwloN kIqI jFdI mdd leI Aupr idwqy aMkVy amrIkf srkfr dIaF nIqIaF AuWqy afDfrq hn ijwQy prmfxU ibjlI Auqpfdn df kMm inwjI kMpnIaF kr rhIaF hn. bhuqy ivkfssLIl dysLF ivwc prmfxU ibjlI dy pRojYkt df smuwcf Krcf srkfrf vwloN cuwikaf jf irhf hY. iehnF dysLF dy nfgirkF nUM cfhIdf hY ik Auh afpxIaF srkfrF qoN puwCx ik kI ibjlI Auqpfdn leI eynI vwzI lfgq dy pRojYkt Ausfrnf afriQk qOr AuWqy shI hY jF srkfrF nUM prmfxU ibjlI dI QF ibjlI Auqpfdn dy dUsry bdlvy ZMgF - ijvyN ivMz pfvr, solr pfvr afid - nUM ivksq krn vwl iDafn dyxf cfhIdf hY.

prmfxU plFtF ivwc aYksIzYNt hox kfrn ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI lIk hox df Kqrf:

prmfxU rIaYktr ivwc XUrynIam dy aYtmF nUM qoV ky grmI pYdf kIqI jFdI hY aqy iPr ies grmI nfl pfxI nUM Aubfl ky BfP pYdf kIqI jFdI hY aqy Aus BfP nfl ibjlI pYdf krn leI trbfeIn clfey jFdy hn. XUrynIam dy aYtmF nUM qoVn dI pRikRaf iblkul Aus qrHF dI pRikRaf hY ijhVI aYtm bMb ivwc vfprdI hY pr prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly plFt ivwc ieh sB kuwJ bhuq kMtrol aDIn kIqf jFdf hY qF ik koeI Dmfkf nf vfpr jfvy. ieh sfrf kfrj eynf guMJldfr hY ik hmysLF hI iksy durGtnf hox df aqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy lIk hox df Kqrf bixaf rihMdf hY. ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI nUM vfqfvrn ivwc lIk hox qoN rokx leI rIaYktr nUM kMkrIt dI iemfrq ivwc rwiKaf jFdf hY. pr XUrynIam dy ipGlx nfl qfpmfn bhuq ijLafdf vwD skdf hY aqy kMkrIt dIaF kMDF ivwc qRyVF af skdIaF hn aqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI vfqfvrn ivwc lIk ho skdI hY. sMn 1986 ivwc sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ivwc cYrnoibl ivKy prmfxU ibjlI dy plFt ivwc kuwJ ies qrHF df hI vfpiraf sI. nqIjy vwjoN hIrosLImf AuWqy suwty aYtm bMb nfloN 400 guxF ijLafdf mfqfrf ivwc ryzIEaYkitv DUV vfqfvrn ivwc PYl geI sI. ieh DUV sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan dy pwCmI ihwsy, pUrbI XUrp, pwCmI XUrp aqy AuWqrI XUrp dy iKwiqaF qwk PYlI. Xukryn, bYlrUs aqy rUs dy vwzy ihwsy vwzI pwDr AuWqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI nfl dUisLq hoey ijsdy nqIjy vwjoN 3 lwK 36 hjLfr lokF nUM AuhnF dy GrF aqy ielfikaF qoN bfhr kwZxf ipaf. sMn 2005 ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl aYtoimk aYnrjI eyjMsI aqy vrlz hYlQ afrgynfeIjysLn dI agvfeI hyT cYrnoibl Porm vwloN iqafr kIqI geI iek irport anusfr ies aYksIzYNt ivwc 56 iswDIaF mOqF hoeIaF. irport ivwc ieh vI aMdfjLf lfieaf igaf hY ik ies aYksIzYNt kfrn 6 lwK dy krIb lok bhuq ijLafdf ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dI mfr hyT afey hn aqy AuhnF ivwcoN 4000 lokF dI kYNsr kfrn mOq ho jfvygI.(19). ies aYksIzYNt kfrn bYlrUs df 25 PIsdI ielfkf aqy 25 PIsdI vsoN pRBfivq hoeI. nqIjy vwjoN bYlrUs ivwc awj vI pYdf hox vfly bwicaF ivwcoN ikMny hI keI qrHF dy idmfgI aqy srIrkF apfhjqfvF nfl pYdf ho rhy hn.(20)

prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn dy ihmfieqIaF df dfavf hY ik ajoky prmfxU plFt purfxy plFtf nfloN vwD surwiKaq hn. Auh ieh vI kihMdy hn ik ikAuNik cYrnoibl qoN bfad koeI vI vwzf prmfxU aYksIzYNt nhIN hoieaf, ies leI prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krnf iek surwiKaq kfrj hY. pr prmfxU ibjlI dy aflock ajoky smyN ivwc dunIaF Br ivwc prmfxU plFtF ivwc hoey aYksIzYNtF dIaF AudfhrnF dy ky kihMdy hn ik iehnF ivwcoN keI aYksIzYNt vwzy aYksIzYNt bx skdy sn. ies sMbMD ivwc kuJ AudfhrnF asIN afpxy pfTkF nfl sFJIaF krdy hF:

* sMn 2002 ivwc amrIkf dI EhfieE styt ivwc siQwq zyivs-bYsI plFt ivwc boirk eyisz ny rIaYktr dy vYsl dy 17 sYNtImItr moty isr ivwc 16[5 sYNtImItr df Cyk kr idwqf sI. amrIkf siQwq inAUklIar ienPrmysLn aYNz rIsors srivs (aYWn afeI afr aYWs) aqy XUnIan afP knsrnz sfieMitsts anusfr jy boirk eyisz bfkI dy awDy sYNtImItr ivwc vI Cyk kr idMdf qF mYltzfAUn vfpr (XUrynIam ipGl) skdf sI.(21)

* sMn 2006 ivwc ieMglYNz ivwc kuMbrIaf ivKy siQwq sYlfPIlz plFt nUM 20 lwK pONz df jurmfnf kIqf igaf ikAuNik ies plFt ivwc iek pfty hoey pfeIp kfrn 80,000 tMn qyjLfb “sYkMzrI kntynmYNt” ivwc lIk ho igaf sI. lIk hoey ies qyjLfb ivwc 20 tMn XUrynIam aqy 160 iklogRfm plftInm rilaf hoieaf sI aqy ieh qyjLfb lgfqfr 8 mhIinaF qoN lIk huMdf af irhf sI.(22)

* ieMglYNz ivwc prmfxU snaq AuWqy ingHf rwKx vflI sMsQF inAUklIar ienstflysLn ienspYktoryt dI iek aMdrUnI irport anusfr XU[ ky[ dI prmfxU ibjlI dI snaq ivwc ipCly 7 sflF dOrfn ryzIE aYkitv smwgrI lIk hox dIaF aqy hor CotIaF- vwzIaF 1767 GtnfvF vfprIaF hn. iehnF ivwcoN pMj prmfxU durGtnfvF dy KqiraF dy mfp dI ieMtrnYsLnl inAUklIar eIvYNt skyl muqfbk sB qoN vwD Kqry vflIaF durGtnfvF qoN iek drjLf Gwt drjLy vflIaF sn jdoN ik 858 GtnfvF aijhIaF sn jo inAUklIar syPtI isstm leI cuxOqI bx skdIaF sn.(23)

* jUn 2005 ivwc svIzn dy PorjLmfrk inAUklIar pfvr plFt ivKy jMg lwgy zrwmF ivwc rwKI hoeI ryzIE aYkitv vyst bflitk smuMdr ivwc lIk ho geI sI.(24)

* sMn 2007 ivwc BUcfl afAux nfl jfpfn dy iek prmfxU ibjlI plFt ivwc nuks pYx kfrn ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI vfqfvrx aqy smuMdr ivwc lIk ho geI aqy plFt nUM aximwQy smyN leI bMd krnf ipaf.(25)

* 1979 qoN lY ky 2007 qwk amrIkf ivwc 46 vfr prmfxU ibjlI dy plFt msLInrI dy KrfbI kfrn iek sfl jF vwD smyN leI bMd krny pey.(26)

prmfxU plFtF ivwc durGtnfvF dIaF AupRokq AudfhrnF bhuq spsLtqf nfl drsfAuNdIaF hn ik prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF ivwc iksy gMBIr durGtnf hox dIaF sMBfvnfvF awj vI mOjUd hn aqy prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krnf gMBIr KqiraF qoN KflI nhIN. iewQy ieh gwl vI iDafn ivwc rwKx vflI hY ik dunIaF Br ivwc prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF bfry jfxkfrI nUM bhuq hI gupq rwiKaf jFdf hY, ies leI iehnF plFtF ivwc vfprIaF bhuq sfrIaF durGtnfvF bfry pqf nhIN lwgdf.

prmfxU ibjlI plFtF kfrn lokF df inmn pwDr dI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI nfl pYNdf vfh aqy ies nfl AuhnF dI ishq AuWqy pYx vfly asr

prmfxU ibjlI plFt nfl sMbMDq kfrjF dOrfn lokF df keI qrHF nfl inmn pwDr dI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI nfl vfh pYNdf hY ijs nfl AunHF dI ishq AuWpr keI qrHF dy mfVy asr pYNdy hn. prmfxU ibjlI plFt nfl sMbMDq kfrjF ivwcoN kuwJ kfrj hn: KfxF ivwcoN XUrynIam dI kwcI Dfq kwZxf, ies kwcI Dfq nUM prmfxU bflx df rUp dyx vflIaF PYktrIaF ivwc iljfxf, iehnF PYktrIaF ivwcoN prmfxU bflx nUM prmfxU plFtF qwk iljfxf aqy prmfxU plFt nUM clfAuxf. iehnF sfry kfrjF nfl sMbMDq lokF/kfimaF df inmn pwDr dI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI nfl vfh pYNdf hY jo AuhnF dI ishq AuWpr BYVy asr pfAuNdI hY. Audfhrn leI, kfrporysLn vfc dy vYWbsfeIt AuWqy ihMdusqfn dy JfrKMz dy ielfky ivwc XUrynIam dI KfxF bfry Cpy iek lyK anusfr XUrynIam kfrporysLn afP ieMizaf ilmitz JfrKMz sUby ivwc isMGBUm ijly ivwc cfr jLmIndoj (aMzrgrfAuNz) aqy iek KulHI Kfx aqy do pRosYisMg plFt clfAuNdI hY. ies lyK ivwc sMn 2008 ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl iPjLIsLIanjL Pfr pRIvYnsLn afP inAUklIar vfr dy ieMzIan cYptr vwloN kIqy iek aiDan dy hvfly nfl dwisaf igaf hY ik iehnF ielfikaF ivwc XUrynIam dIaF KfxF dy nyVy rihx vfly lokF dI sMqfn pYdf krn dI smrwQf Gwt rhI hY aqy ijhnF lokF dy bwcy pYdf huMdy hn AuhnF ivwc jnm qoN hI keI qrHF dy nuks huMdy hn. ies dy nfl nfl iehnF Kfxf dy nyVy rihx vfly lokF ivwc kYNsr dy kys ijLafdy pfey jf rhy hn. ies aiDan anusfr KfxF dy nyVy rihMdy joiVaF ivwc dUsry joiVaF dy mukfbly sMqfn AuqpqI dI smrwQf Kqm hox df 1[58 guxF vwD Kqrf hY. ies hI qrHF dUsrIaF mfvF dy mukfbly Kfxf nyVy rih rhIaF mfvF dy jmFdrU nuksF vfly bwcy pYdf hox df 1[84 guxF vwD Kwqrf hY. ies aiDan ivwc ieh vI dwisaf igaf hY ik iehnF KfxF dy nyVy rihx vfly lokF ivwc kYNsr kfrn hox vflIaF mOqF dI dr vI dUsry lokF nfloN vwD hY.(27)

dunIaf ivwc prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF nyVy rihMdy lokF bfry hoey keI hor aiDan vI ieh drsfAuNdy hn ik dUsry lokF dy mukfbly iehnF lokF ivwc kYNsr hox df Kqrf vwD jFdf hY. Audfhrn leI 18 dsMbr 2008 nUM afnlfeIn mYgjLIn ryicl vIklI ivwc XUrpIn jrnl afP kYNsr kyar ivwc pRkfisLq hoey iek aiDan dy hvfly nfl ikhf igaf hY ik amrIkf ivwc prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF nyVy rihMdy bwicaF ivwc lkImIaf hox dI dr dUsry bwicaF dy mukfbly ijLafdf hY.(28) ies hI qrHF jrmnI ivwc 2008 ivwc irlIjL kIqy iek aiDan ivwc ikhf igaf hY ik prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF nyVy rihMdy bwicaF nUM kYNsr, Kfs krky lkImIaf, hox df Kqrf dUsry bwicaF qoN vwD hY. ieh aiDan jrmn srkfr dI eyjMsI jrmn PYzrl ryzIeysLn pRotYksLn vwloN krvfieaf igaf sI.(29)

prmfxU ibjlI plFtF ivwc pYdf hox vflI Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUhMd (vyst)

prmfxU ibjlI plFt iekwlI ibjlI hI nhIN pYdf krdy sgoN ieh aiq dI Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI vI pYdf krdy hn. amrIkf ivwc siQq ienvfiermYNtl rIsrc PfAUNzysLn nfl kMm krdy aqy afnlfeIn hPqfvfrI ryicl ienvfiermYNt aqy hYlQ inAUjL dy sMpfdk zf: pItr mOntyg prmfxU ibjlI plFtF ivwc vrqy jFdy bflx bfry ies qrHF ilKdy hn. prmfxU rIaYktr ivwc bflx leI ienirc XUrynIam dIaF itwkIaF bxfeIaF jFdIaF hn. iPr iehnF itwkIaF nUM iekwTIaF krky lMmIaF sIKF bxfeIaF jFdIaF hn. jdoN ieh sIKF rIaYktr dI kor ivwc nyVy nyVy rwKIaF jFdIaF hn qF iehnF sIKF ivclf XUrynIam bldf hY. XurynIam dy blx nfl grmI pYdf hox dy nfl nfl kuwJ nvINaF vsqf vI pYdf huMdIaF hn jo ik bhuq hI ijLafdf ryzIEaYkitv huMdIaF hn. hOlI hOlI ieh vsqF kor ivwc vfprdI ikRaf nUM jLihrIlI bxf idMdIaF hn aqy bflx dIaF sIKF nUM rIaYktr ivwcoN bfhr kwZxf pYNdf hY. iehnF kwZIaF geIaF sIKF nUM sipMt iPAUl (bilaf bflx) kihMdy hn aqy ieh prmfxU rIaYktrF ivwcoN pYdf hox vflI bhuq ijLafdf ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI bx jFdIaF hn.(30) ieh sipMt iPAUl bhuq hI Kqrnfk huMdf hY. jy sipMt iPAUl dIaF ieh sIKF 6 GMitaF qoN vwD smyN leI hvf ivwc rih jfx qF ieh iek dm blx lwgdIaF hn aqy bhuq hI Kqrnfk ryizEaYkitv afiesotOps (aYtm) vfqfvrx ivwc CwzdIaF hn. sipMt iPAUl dIaF ieh sIKF 10 hjLfr sflF qwk “hft” rihMdIaF hn.(31)

iek hjLfr mYgfvft dI smrwQf vflf prmfxU ibjlI df plFt iek sfl ivwc 30 tMn aiq dI Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUMhd pYdf krdf hY. irportF anusfr ipCly 60 ku sflF dOrfn amrIkf ivwc prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF kfrn pYdf hoeI ies qrHF dI prmfxU rihMd KUhMd dI mfqrf 70,000 tMn dy krIb hY.(32) ies prmfxU rihMd KUMhd nfl iks qrHF nijwiTaf jfvy, ajy qwk ies bfry koeI surwiKaq aqy qswlIbKsL ZMg nhIN lwiBaf jf sikaf. ies df iek ZMg qF ieh hY ik ies rihMd KUMhd nUM zrwmF ivwc pf ky DrqI dy hyTF nwp idwqf jfvy aqy ieh AumId rwKI jfvy ik afAux vfly hjLfrF sflF ivwc iksy BUcfl jF ies qrHF dI iksy hor afPq kfrn DrqI hyT dwbI ieh rihMd KUMhd DrqI AuWqy nf af jfvy. jy aijhf ho igaf qF ies nfl dwbI hoeI rihMd-KUMhd dy afly duafly dy ielfikaF ivwc rihMdy lokF leI kihr vfpr skdf hY. ies qrHF dy KqiraF nUM dyKidaF ajy qwk dunIaF Br ivwc ies rihMd-KUMhd nUM DrqI hyT dwbx leI koeI QF nhIN bx skI ikAuNik koeI vI nhIN cfhuMdf ik ies qrHF dI Kqrnfk smwgrI AuhnF dI vsoN dy nyVy qyVy dwbI jfvy. ies leI ies smyN ieh prmfxU rihMd KUMhd prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF dy nyVy pfxI dy qlfvF ivwc rwKI jFdI hY, ijhnF qlfvF nUM “sipMt iPAUl pUljL” afiKaf jFdf hY. jF ieh rihMd KUMhd kMkrIt dI cfrdIvfrI aMdr rwKI jFdI hY. prmfxU rihMd KUMhd nUM sMBflx vflIaF iehnF QFvF ivwc iksy iksm dI durGtnf hox kfrn ies Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv rihMd -KUhMd vloN vfqfvrx ivwc lIk hox df Kqrf hmysLF bixaf rihMdf. jy ikqy aijhf ho jfvy qF prmfxU ibjlI dy plFtF dy nyVy rihMdy lokF dI jfn-mfl df vwzf nuksfn ho skdf hY. Audfhrn leI amrIkf dy sUby vrmfAUNt ivwc lwgy prmfxU ibjlI plFt ivwc 488 tMn dI mfqrf ivwc prmfxU rihMd-KUMhd sMBflI hoeI hY. iek irport ivwc amrIkf dy inAUklIar rYgUlytrI kimsLn dy hvfly nfl ikhf igaf hY ik jy ies rihMd KUhMd dy pUl ivwc iksy qrHF awg lwg jfvy aqy ies kfrn plFt dy nfl lwgdy 500 mIl dy Gyry ivwc rihMdy 95 PIsdI lokF nUM ies ielfky ivwcoN bfhr vI kwZ ilaf jfvy qF vI ies awg nfl 25,000 lokF dI mOq ho skdI hY.(33) ieQy iDafn ivwc rwKx vflI gwl ieh hY ik ies ielfky ivwcoN 95 PIsdI kwZxf asMBv hovygf. ies leI hI keI lok prmfxU rihMd KUMhd dy iehnF qlfvF nUM prmfxU ibjlI plFt dy rIaYktr dy mYltzfAUn (XUrynIam ipGlx) qoN ijLafdf Kqrnfk smJdy hn.

afm qOr AuWqy prmfxU ibjlI plFtF dI Aumr 30-40 sfl ivckfr huMdI hY. Aus qoN bfad iehnF plFtF nUM bMd krnf pYNdf hY. pr iehnF plFtF nUM bMd krn df kfrj eynf srl nhIN ikAuNik afpxI Aumr Bogx qoN bfad ieh plFt Kqrnfk ryizEaYkitv rihMd KUMhd df vwzf BMzfr bx jFdy hn aqy DrqI AuWqly jIvn nUM ies ryizEaYkitv rihMd KUMhd qoN bcfAuxf jLrUrI ho jFdf hY. ies leI afpxI Aumr pugf cuwky prmfxU ibjlI plFtF nMU bMd krn dy do ZMg rih jFdy hn. pihly ZMg anusfr Aumr pugf cuwky prmfxU ibjlI plFt nUM AuDyV ky ies dy mlby nUM prmfxU rihMd KUhMd nUM sFBx vflI iksy DrqI hyTlI QF ivwc Byijaf jfvy. pr iewQy Xfd rwKx vflI gwl ieh hY ik ajy qwk dunIaf ivwc prmfxU rihMd KUMhd nUM DrqI hyT sFBx vflI koeI QF nhIN hY. ies leI ieh ZMg nhIN vriqaf jf skdf hY. Aumr Bog cuwky prmfxU plFtF nfl nijwTx df dUsrf ZMg ieh hY ik AuhnF dI Aumr dy aMq AuWqy AuhnF dy drvfjLy bMd krky AuhnF nUM afpxI QF AuWqy ijvyN df iqvyN rihx idwqf jfvy aqy AuhnF ivclI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy Kqm hox dI agly hjLfrF sfl AuzIk kIqI jfvy aqy AumId kIqI jfvy ik ies smyN dOrfn iehnF bMd hoey plFtF ivwclI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI iksy qrHF dy aYksIzYNt hox kfrn vfqfvrx ivwc lIk nhIN hovygI. ies smyN Aumr Bog cuwky prmfxU ibjlI plFtF nUM bMd krn leI ieh hI ZMg apxfieaf jf irhf hY. ies qrHF jfpdf hY ik agly 40 -50 sflF ivwc dunIaF Br ivwc prmfxU ibjlI dy Aumr Bog cuwky sYNkVy plFt ho jfxgy ijhnF ivwcoN vfqfvrx ivwc Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy lIk hox df Kqrf agly hjLfrF sflF leI lgfqfr bixaf rhygf. ieh sfzy vloN afpxIaF afAux vflIaF pIVHIaF leI iewkIvIN sdI df iek Kqrnfk qohPf hovygf.

aMiqkf:
Auprokq jfxkfrI dy afDfr AuWqy asIN kih skdy hF ik prmfxU ibjlI dy plFt nf qF vfqfvrx ivwc af rhI qbdIlI nUM rokx ivwc koeI vwzf rol inBf skxgy aqy nf hI ies ZMg nfl ibjlI pYdf krn vfly dysLF nUM afpxIaF AUrjf loVF leI svY-inrBr bxfAuxgy. asIN ieh vI kih skdy hF ik prmfxU ibjlI plFtF ivwc iksy aYksIzYNt vgYrf hox kfrn vwzI pwDr AuWqy Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy lIk hox df Kqrf hmysLF bixaf rhygf. ies dy nfl nfl prmfxU ibjlI dy plFt dunIaF ivwc aiq dI Kqrnfk ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI pYdf krn df sRoq bxngy ijs nUM sMBflx df ies smyN sfzy kol koeI surwiKaq aqy qswlIbKsL ZMg nhIN hY. iPr svfl AuWTdf hY ik dunIaF Br ivwc aijhy plFtF nUM lfAux leI eynf jLor ikAuN idwqf jf irhf hY? ies df sB qoN vwzf kfrn qF ieh hY ik ies nfl kuJ iek vwzIaF kfrporsyLnF nUM vwzI pwDr AuWqy pYsf bxfAux df mOkf imlygf. Audfhrn leI kYnyzf dI atoimk aYnrjI afP kYnyzf ilmitz dy pRYjLIzYNt ihAU mYkzfierimz ny 13 meI 2009 nUM trFto ivKy EntyrIE aYnrjI nYtvrk dI iek mIitMg ivwc bolidaF ikhf sI ik dunIaf Br ivwc lwg rhy nvyN prmfxU ibjlI plFtF ivwc 10 Krb (1 tirlIan) zflr qoN vwD dI pUMjI lwgx dI afs hY aqy jy ies mfrkIt ivwcoN QoVHf ijhf ihwsf vI sfnUM iml jfvy qF sfzy aqy sfnUM mfl splfeI krn vfilaF dy vfry inafry ho jfxgy.(34) imstr mYkzfierimz vloN khy sLbd prmfxU ibjlI dI smuwcI snaq dy pRqIinD sLbdF vjoN lYxy cfhIdy hn.

ies sMbMD ivwc dUsrf kfrn sLfied ieh hY ik amrIkf prmfxU ibjlI dy psfr nUM dunIaf ivwc afpxI srdfrI kfiem rwKx df iek sfDn smJdf hY. ies bfry pwky sbUqF dy afDfr AuWqy qF kuJ nhIN ikhf jf skdf, pr kuJ ivdvfn ies qrHF dy aMdfjLy jLrUr lf rhy hn. zf: pItr mOntyg anusfr:

sLfied visLMgtn aqy vfl strIt dy njLrIey qoN prmfxU ibjlI[[[ ies leI ibhqr hY ikAuNik ies leI bhuq pUMjI dI loV pYNdI hY aqy ijhVy lok pUjI lfAuNdy hn AuhnF df msLIn aqy AUrjf AuWqy kMtrol huMdf hY. ies nfl dihsLqvfdIaF nUM rokx leI iek vwzI kyNdrI aPsrsLfhI aqy POj aqy pulIs dI sKq surwiKaf dy qrk nUM ihmfieq imldI hY. ies iksm df kyNdrI kMtrol prmfxU ibjlI apnfAux vfly iksy vI dysL ivwc lokqMqrI ruJfnF nUM TwlH pfAux leI iek sLkqIsLflI sfDn bx jFdf hY. Kfs krky jy Auh amrIkf jF ies dy iksy imwqr dysL nfl bflx (iPAUl) dI izilvrI aqy ryzIEaYkitv rihMd -KUMhd nfl nijwTx leI koeI sMDI krdy hn qF isafsI kMtrol ies lYx dyx df iek aihm ihwsf bx jFdf hY (BfvyN ik axikhf hI). jy qusIN ibjlI dIaF loVF leI prmfxU ibjlI AuWqy aqy rIaYktr dy bflx leI sfzy AuWqy inrBr ho qF qusIN sfzI jyb ivwc ho. (35)

bysLwk zf: pItr mOntyg dI Auprokq Dfrnf iksy Tos sbUq AuWqy afDfirq nhIN pr dunIaF ivwc sfmrfjvfd dy ieiqhfs nUM dyKidaF AuhnF dI ies Dfrnf ivcly swc qoN munkr hoxf vI bhuq musLikl hY.

aMq ivwc ieh kihxf glq nhIN hovygf ik dunIaF Br ivwc prmfxU AUrjf nfl ibjlI pYdf krn df vwD irhf ruJfn iek Kqrnfk ruJfn hY. ies nfl ies snaq ivwc ajfrydfrI kfiem rwKx vflIaF muwTI Br kfrporysLnF nUM qF jLrUr Pfiedf hovygf pr afm smfj nUM hox vfly Pfiedy bfry pwkI qrHF nhIN ikhf jf skdf. sMBv hY iek ieh ruJfn afm lokF leI hor duwKF qklIPF df kfrn bxy. ies leI ijMnf icr qwk prmfxU ibjlI dy Auqpfdn dy sMbMD ivwc AuWpr AuTfey svflF dy qswlIbKsL aqy suirwKaq juafb nhIN iml jFdy, AunI dyr qwk prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn df pRojYkt muqlvI hoxf cfhIdf hY. srkfrF vwloN ijMnI vwzI mfqrf ivwc mfiek shfieqf prmfxU ibjlI dy pRojYkt leI idwqI jf rhI hY, AunI mfiek shfieqf ivMz pfvr, solr pfvr aqy AUrjf pYdf krn vflIaF aijhIaF hor qknOlojIaF nUM dyxI cfhIdI hY. ies dy nfl hI sfnUM afpxy Auqpfdn dy pRbMD bfry vI aflocnfqmk njLr nfl dyKxf cfhIdf hY. awj dunIaF ivwc pYdf kIqIaF jf rhIaF bhuq sfrIaF cIjLF mnuwKI loVF dI pUrqI leI nhIN pYdf kIqIaF jf rhIaF sgoN ies leI pYdf kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn ikAuNik Aus nfl vwzIaF kfrporysLnF munfPf kmf skx. jy asIN afpxf Auqpfdn mnuwKI loVF dI pUrqI leI krFgy qF asIN bhuq sfrIaF KpqkfrI vsqF dy Auqpfdn nUM Gwt kr skFgy aqy afpxIaF AUrjf loVF ivwc kmI kr skFgy. jy sfzI AUrjf loVF Gwt hoxgIaF qF sfnUM AUrjf pYdf krn dy nuksfndyh ZMgF AuWqy inrBr nhIN hoxf pvygf.

hvfly:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden

3. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf101.html

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5. Goldenberg, Suzanne (June 12, 2009). Nuclear reaction: US atomic industry hijacks climate bill. The Guardian . downloaded Nov. 13/2009 from: https://rsvpn.ubc.ca/http/infoweb.newsbank.com/iwsearch/we/InfoWeb? p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid= 128C7BF920D5BF18 &p_docnum=14&p_queryname=9
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8. Ma’anit, Adam. (2005, September). Nuclear is the new black. New Internationalist. 2-6.

9. Ma’anit, Adam. (2005, September). Nuclear is the new black. New Internationalist. 2-6.

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17. The Guardian (October 19, 2009). Nuclear power: A bung by any other name. downloaded Nov. 13/2009 from: https://rsvpn.ubc.ca/http/infoweb.newsbank.com/iwsearch/we/InfoWeb?p_product= AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid =12B754B1E518D380&p_docnum=5&p_queryname=8 
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21. Ma’anit, Adam. (2005, September). Nuclear is the new black. New Internationalist. 2-6.

22. The Guardian (October 19, 2009). Nuclear power: A bung by any other name. downloaded Nov. 13/2009 from: https://rsvpn.ubc.ca/http/infoweb.newsbank.com /iwsearch/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action =doc&p_docid=12B754B1E518D380&p_docnum=5&p_queryname=8
23. The Guardian (October 19, 2009).
24. Ma’anit, Adam. (2005, September). Nuclear is the new black. New Internationalist. 2-6.
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26. Montague, Peter (September 27, 2007). Why Is Uncle Sam So Committed To Reviving Nuclear Power? Downloaded Nov. 2, 2009 from: http://www.rachel.org/en/node/392/print
27. Basu, Moushumi (October 7, 2009). Uranium Corporation of India Limited: Wasting Away Tribal Lands. Downloaded Nov. 19, 2009 from: http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15450&printsafe=1
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30. Montague, Peter (August 3, 2006). President Bush Clears The Way For A Global Nuclear Expansion. Downloaded Nov. 20, 2009 from: http://www.precaution.org/lib/06/prn_nukes_again.htm

31. Parenti, Christian (May 12, 2008). What Nuclear Renaissance? The Nation . downloaded Nov. 8/2009 from: http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080512/parenti
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35. Montague, Peter (September 27, 2007). Why Is Uncle Sam So Committed To Reviving Nuclear Power? Downloaded Nov. 2, 2009 from: http://www.rachel.org/en/node/392/print

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