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sdf leI qur gey zf: hrI sLrmf nUM sLrDFjlI
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16 mfrc 2010 nUM iek ienklfbI, mfrksvfdI, sfmrfj ivroDI, dwby kucly lokF dy hwk ivwc aqy jLflmF dy ivruwD inDVkqf nfl KVHn vfly zf: hrI sLrmf dy sMGrsLmeI jIvn df aMq ho igaf. AuhnF dy dyhFq nfl byiensfPI aqy nfbrfbrI iKlfP AuWTx vflI iek mjLbUq avfjL cuwp ho geI hY. AuhnF dy qur jfx nfl dunIaf Br ivwc smfjk inaF dy hwk ivwc kMm krn vfly lokF dy kfPly ivwcoN iek pRqIbwD, sUJvfn afgU aqy axQwk kfmf ivCV igaf hY. ies mOky `qy AuhnF nUM sLrDFjlI dyx leI AuhnF dy sMGrsL aqy smfj ivwc pfey Xogdfn dI ieh sKyp khfxI pysL hY.

hrI sLrmf df jnm 16 mfrc 1934 nUM AuWqr pRdysL ivwc hoieaf ijwQy AuhnF dy ipqf iek rylvy mulfjLm sn (AuNNJ AuhnF df pirvfr hirafxy qoN hY). afgrf XUnIvristI qoN bI ey krn bfad AuhnF ny kuwJ smF ihMdusqfn dy kstmjL ivBfg ivwc klrk dI nOkrI kIqI. 1958 ivwc AuhnF ny ieh nOkrI Cwz idwqI aqy kuJ smyN leI ihMdusqfn dy ipMzF dI Xfqrf krn inkl pey. bfad ivwc idwlI XUnIvristI qoN aYm ey krn bfad Auh 1963 ivwc AuWc-ividaf leI amrIkf afey. sMn 1968 ivwc AuhnF ny amrIkf dI kOrnl XUnIvirstI qoN pI aYc zI kIqI. QoVHI dyr XU sI aYWl ey ivwc pVHfAux qoN bfad sMn 1968 ivwc hI Auh kYnyzf dy sUby ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvirstI ivwc aiDafpk af lwgy aqy brnbI ivwc rihx lwgy. sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI qoN Auh sMn 1999 ivwc rItfier hoey aqy afpxy dyhFq qwk Auh brnbI ivwc hI rhy.

jdoN hrI sLrmf amrIkf afey qF Aus smyN AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc vIaqnfm dI jMg df ivroD pUry jobn AuWqy sI. AuWqrI amrIkf dIaF XunIvristIaF aqy kfljF dy aiDafpk aqy ividafrQI vIaqnfm dI jMg ivroDI lihr ivwc aihm BUimkf inBf rhy sn. hrI sLrmf vI ies lihr ivwc srgrm ho gey. sLfied ieh AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc iek isafsI kfrkuMn vjoN AuhnF dI sLurUafq sI.

Aus smyN ihMdusqfn ivwc vI keI qrHF dIaF ienklfbI qbdIlIaF vfpr rhIaF sn. nkslbfVI lihr df jnm ho cuwkf sI. hrI sLrmf ies lihr qoN pRBfvq hoey aqy ies lihr dy qwkVy smrQk bx gey aqy sfrI Aumr ies dy smrQk rhy. Aus smyN dI srkfr ny nkslbfVI lihr ivwc srgrm, ies lihr dy smrQk aqy smfjk inaF leI kMm krdy hor hjLfrF lokF nUM jylHF ivwc suwt idwqf. nqIjy vwjoN 1970ivaF dy sLurU ivwc ihMdusqfn ivwc iehnF isafsIaF kYdIaF dI irhfeI dI mMg AuWTx lwgI. sMn 1973 ivwc delete isafsI kYdIaF dI hflq vwl iDafn idvfAux leI hrI sLrmf lMzn ivwc aYminstI ieMtrnYsLnl aqy jnyvf ivwc kimsLn afP jUirst kol gey aqy AuhnF ny XUnfeIitz nysLnjL dy ihAUmn rfeIts kimsLn nUM iliKaf. apRYl 2008 nUM ihMdusqfn ivwc mOjUdf isafsI kYdIaF dI hflq bfry hoeI iek kfnPrMs nUM Byjy iek sunyhy ivwc hrI sLrmf ny 1973 dy afpxy qjrby bfry ies qrHF iliKaf hY:

(ihMdusqfn bfry) bhuq smF “vwzy lokqMqr” dI imwQ pRcwlq rhI. mYnUM Xfd hY ik jdoN aYminstI ieMtrnYsLnl dy lMzn dy dPqr ivcly aPsrF nUM klkwqy ivwc siQwq aYsosIeysLn Pfr dI pRotYksLn afP zYmokrYitk rfeIts aqy lIgl eyz kmytI vloN ihMdusqfn ivwcly hjLfrF “isafsI kYdIaF” bfry iqafr kIqI sUcI idwqI geI sI qF AuhnF ny iks qrHF dI dihl BrI hYrfnI df pRgtfvf kIqf sI. ieh 1973 dI gwl hY. CyqIN hI AuhnF nUM afpxI jFc nfl ies bfry pqf cwl igaf sI. jnyvf siQwq ieMtrnYsLnl kimsLn afP jUirst ny ies sbMD ivwc dKl aMdfjLI kIqI sI. iewQoN qwk ik 1973 ivwc XUnfeIitz nysLnjL dy ihAUmn rfeIts kimsLn nUM ihMdusqfn dI srkfr nUM “isafsI kYdIaF” dy vrqfry bfry dwsx leI noits dyx leI mjLbUr hoxf ipaf sI.

bfad ivwc hrI sLrmf ny lMzn skUl afP ieknfimks ivwcly afpxy dosq kfmryz gOqm awpf nfl iml ky ihMdusqfn ivwc isafsI kYdIaF nfl huMdy durivhfr bfry iek ptIsLn AuWqy aMqrrfsLtrI buwDIjIvIaF dy dsqKq krvfey aqy ieh ptIsLn 15 agsq 1974 nUM vYnkUvr siQwq ihMdusqfn dy kfAuNsl jnrl nUM pysL kIqI.

24 jUn 1975 nUM hrI sLrmf mFtrIal ivwc AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc rih rhy BfrqI buwDIjIvIaF dI iek mIitMg ivwc sLfml hoey. ies mIitMg ivwc Bfrq dI isafsq bfry hoey ivcfr vtFdry dy nqIjy vwjoN 25 jUn 1975 nUM ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn afP nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf) df jnm hoieaf. ieqPfk nfl Aus hI idn ihMdusqfn dI pRDfn mMqrI ieMdrf gFDI ny aYmrjMsI df aYlfn kr idwqf. ies dy pRqIkrm ivwc nvIN sQfpq hoeI jQybMdI iepfnf ny afpxf pihlf ibafn idwqf ik “aYmrjMsI df aYlfn Bfrq dy lokF AuWpr PfisLst izktytrisLwp df Toisaf jfxf hY.” mFtrIal qoN vfps af ky hrI sLrmf ny iepfnf dI vYnkUvr dI iekfeI dI sQfpnf kIqI. 15 agsq 1975 nUM iepfnf dI vYnkuvr dI iekfeI ny vYnkUvr dy BfrqI kfAuNslyt jnrl dy dPqr awgy aYmrjMsI ivruwD mujLfhrf kIqf.

jUn 1976 ivwc iepfnf dI AuWqrI amrIkf dI pihlI knvYnsLn vYnkUvr ivwc kIqI geI. ies knvYnsLn ivwc sMn 1975 ivwc mFtrIal ivwc juVy lok aqy hor keI nvyN lok sLfml hoey. vYnkUvr ivwc ieh knvYnsLn krvfAux leI hrI sLrmf aqy vYnkUvr iekfeI dy dUsry mYNbrF ny aihm BUimkf inBfeI. jUn 1976 dI mIitMg ivwc iepfnf df rfjsI mqf soD ky apxfieaf igaf. ies mqy anusfr iepfnf df mksd AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF aqy dUsry lokF ivwc ihMdusqfn dy lokF dI aslI “afjLfdI” leI aqy ihMdusqfn ivwc vwzy jfgIrdfrF aqy pUjIpqIaF vwloN lokF dI kIqI jf rhI luwt ivruwD cldy GolF leI ihmfieq pRfpq krnf sI. ies dy nfl nfl nfl AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF nfl huMdy nslI ivqkry df ivroD krnf aqy dunIaF dIaF dovyN vwzIaF qfkqF dI cODr ivruwD qIjI dunIaF dy lokF dy GolF dI mdd krnf sI.

afpxy pihly kuJ sflF dOrfn iepfnf ny ihMdusqfn ivwcly isafsI kYdIaF dI hflq bfry lokF nUM jfxU krvfAuxf jfrI rwiKaf. sMn 1976 ivwc iepfnf ny ieMglYNz dI nfgirk mYrI tfeIlr nUM AuWqrI amrIkf dy dOry AuWqy swidaf. mYrI tfeIlr nUM 1970 ivwc Bfrq ivwc igRPqfr kIqf igaf sI. pMj sfl BfrqI jylHF ivwc rihx qoN bfad irhf hox `qy Aus ny “BfrqI jylHF ivwc pMj vrHy” nF dI ikqfb ilKI sI. Aus dI ikqfb dy sMbMD ivwc iepfnf ny AuWqrI amrIkf dy keI sLihrF ivwc mIitMgF kIqIaF aqy ihMdusqfn ivwc isafsI kYdIaF dI siQqI bfry AuWqrI amrIkf dy lokF nUM dwsx ivwc kfmXfbI hfsl kIqI. ies dy nfl nfl iepfnf ihMdusqfn ivwc lwgI aYmrjMsI ivruwD vI avfjL AuTfAuNdI rhI. ies sB kuJ ivwc hrI sLrmf ny iek srgrm aqy mhwqvpUrn BUimkf inBfeI. Audfhrn leI Aus smyN amrIkf dy aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr dy arQ sLfsqrI kYnQ gYlbrQ ny mFtrIal ivwc iek tI vI stysLn AuWqy ihMdusqfn ivwc lfeI geI aYmrjMsI dy hwk ivwc ivcfr pysL krny sn. gYlbrQ dIaF dlIlF df juafb dyx leI hrI sLrmf Aus tI vI pRogrfm qy pysL hoey. aYmrjMsI dI eynI idRVqf nfl ivroD krn dI sjLf dyx leI ieMdrf gFDI dI srkfr ny hrI sLrmf df pfsport vfps lY ilaf. gFDI srkfr dy ies pRqIkrm qoN zr ky Auh cuwp nhIN hoey sgoN AuhnF ny ies nUM iek isafsI muwdf bxf ky gFDI srkfr dy gYr-lokqMqirk ichry nUM nMgf krn leI vriqaf.

sQfnk pwDr AuWqy 1970ivaF dy aKIr ivwc iepfnf dI vYnkUvr dI iekfeI ny bI sI ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn vwl iDafn dyxf sLurU kIqf. Aus smyN ijwQy bI sI dy bhuigxqI (80 PIsdI dy lgBg) Kyq mjLdUr BfrqI/pMjfbI ipCokV dy sn, AuWQy AuhnF nUM bhuq hI mfVIaF hflqF ivwc kMm krnf pYNdf sI aqy AuhnF nUM kMm AuWpr bhuq hI Gwt kfnUMnI surwiKafvF pRfpq sn. iepfnf ny Kyq mjLdUrF dI luwt bfry sQfnk BfrqI aqy vwzI kimAUintI ivwc gwlbfq clfeI aqy Kyq mjLdUrF leI smrQn pYdf krn ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. sMn 1978 ivwc PfrmvrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI aqy sMn 1980 ivwc kYnyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. ieh sB krn ivwc iepfnf ny mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pfieaf. bysLwk XUnIan dI sQfpnf qoN bfad Aus smyN dIaF siQwqIaF nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF pUrI qrHF soc smJ ky iepfnf aqy kYnyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan ivwckfr iek ivwQ rwKI geI, pr Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol dy pihly idnF ivwc iepfnf dy mYNbrF vwloN ies Gol dI ihmfieq ivwc bhuq vwzI BUimkf inBfeI geI. hrI sLrmf ny Kyq mjLdUrF dI smwisaf nUM smuwcI knyzIan mjLdUr jmfq dy GolF dy sMdrB ivwc rwK ky ivsLlysLx krn ivwc vwzf Xogdfn pfieaf. AuhnF ny ies Gol dy sMbMD ivwc isrP iek buwDIjIvI vflf rol hI nhIN inBfieaf sgoN Auh Kyq mjLdUrF dy hwk ivwc lfeIaF ipkt lfeInF AuWqy Kyq mjLdUrF nfl moZy nfl moZf joV ky KVHdy rhy.

ies hI smyN dOrfn kYnyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI nUM nslvfd df bhuq qIbrqf nfl sfhmxf krnf pY irhf sI. ies gwl nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF iepfnf ny nslvfd dy ivroD ivwc iek aijhI jQybMdI sQfpq krn bfry ivcfr kIqf ijs ivwc smfj dy sfry lokF dI sLmUlIaq hovy pr ies dI agvfeI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI dy kol hovy ikAuNik Aus smyN ieh kimAUintI hI sB qoN vwD nslvfd df isLkfr sI. nqIjy vwjoN 2 nvMbr 1980 nUM ibRitsL kolMbIaf afrgynfeIjysLn tU PfeIt ryissjLm (bI sI E aYWP afr) dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. hrI sLrmf ies sMsQf dI pihlI aYgjLYkitv AuWpr cuxy gey aqy agly keI sfl ies dI aYgjLYkitv kmytI dy mYNbr rhy. ieh sMsQf bhuq hI CyqI ihMdusqfnI aqy vwzI kimAUintI dIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF dI ihmfieq pRfpq krn ivwc kfmXfb ho geI aqy ies ny afAux vfly sflF ivwc bI sI dy nslvfdIaF nUM BrvIN twkr idwqI.

afm lokF nfl nyVy df irsLqf bxfAux leI iepfnf ny siBafcfrk srgrmIaF nUM afpxy kfrj Kyqr df ihwsf bxfieaf. 1979 ivwc AuhnF ny pMjfbI dy ienklfbI kvI sMq rfm AudfsI nUM kYnyzf swidaf. knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc Aus dy pRogrfm krvfey aqy Aus dy gIqF df iek irkfrz bxfieaf. AudfsI dI avfjL ivwc Aus dy gIqF df ieh pihlf rIkfrz sI. sMn 1983 ivwc iepfnf ny nftkkfr gursLrn isMG nUM knyzf swidaf. knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc AuhnF dy pRogrfm krvfAux dy nfl nfl, iepfnf ny AuhnF dI tIm vwloN gfey gIqF df iek rIkfrz “Cwtf cfnxf df” bxfieaf aqy gursLrn isMG dy nftk “cFdnI cOk qON srhMd qwk” aqy “imwtI df muwl” dI vIzIE bxfeI geI. jy asIN iehnF sfrIaF rIkfrz hoeIaF cIjLF nUM Aus smyN dy sMdrB ivwc dyKIey jdoN rIkfrz krn dI qknOlOjI awj vFg afm nhIN sI qF sOiKaF hI ikhf jf skdf hY ik ies sB cIjLF rIkfrz krvf ky iepfnf aqy hrI sLrmf ny pMjfbI aqy smuwcy BfrqI ienklfbI siBafcfr ivwc kImqI Xogdfn pfieaf hY.

1980ivaF dy awD qoN bfad ihMdusqfn dy isafsI mfhOl ivwc nvINaF qbdIlIaF hoxIaF sLurU ho geIaF. iPrkfpRsq aqy ihMdUqv qfkqF df bolbflf vDx lwgf aqy GwtigxqIaF dy hwkF AuWpr hmly hox lwgy. ies mfhOl ivwc sMn 1987 ivwc hrI sLrmf dI agvfeI ivwc iepfnf ny vYnkUvr ivwc kfmnvYlQ dysLF dy muKIaF dI hoeI iek kfnPrMs dy smFqr iek hor kfnPrMs df pRbMD kIqf. kfnPrMs df isrlyK rwiKaf “Bfrq ivwc qfkq df kyNdrIkrn aqy GwtigxqIaF nUM Kqrf.” BfrqI jnqf pfrtI dy aYm pI sLhfbUdIn nUM ies kfnPrMs ivwc bolx leI iek muwK bulfry vwjoN swidaf igaf. 7 akqUbr 1987 nUM Etfvf istIjLn ivwc hrI sLrmf aqy icMn bYnrjI dy nF hyT Cpy iek afrtIkl ivwc ies kfnPrMs krvfAux dy mMqv bfry ies qrHF iliKaf sI:

ieh kfnPrMs ies leI ho rhI hY ikAuNik ies smyN ihMdusqfn df hmysLF qoN hI kmjLor, nfjLk aqy rsmI lokqMqr gMBIr sMkt df sfhmxf kr irhf hY. sfrIaF Dfrimk, siBafcfrk aqy bolI afDfrq GwtigxqIaF, Kfs krky muslmfn, iswK aqy ikRscIan GwtigxqIaF, AuWpr hmly ho rhy hn. ies sfl meI ivwc myrT ivwc hiQafrbMd puils vwloN nslkusLI dI hwd qwk kIqy muslmfnF dy kqlyafm ny nvMbr 1984 ivwc hoey iswKF dy byrihm kqlyafm nUM vI sLfied mfq pf idwqf hY. pr myrT, isrP afpxy afkfr krky, hI AuBrvF hY. sfrf dysL hI GwtigxqIaF vl syiDq iPrkU ihMsf dy BMvr ivwc iGiraf hoieaf hY.

agly kuwJ sflF dOrfn ihMdusqfn ivwc GwtigxqIaF ivruwD hmilaF dI igxqI aqy ihMdUqv qfkqF dI sLkqI vwDdI geI. dsMbr 1992 ivwc bfbrI msijd dy Zfhux dI Gtnf qoN bfad hrI sLrmf ny nOn -rYjLIzYNt ieMzIanjL Pfr sYkUlrijLm aqy zYmokrysI dI sQfpnf kIqI. ies sMsQf df muwK mMqv Bfrq ivwc Gwt igxqIaF dy hwkF dI rfKI leI kMm krnf sI. bfad ivwc ies sMsQf df nF sfAUQ eysLIanjL nYWtvrk Pfr sYkUlrijLm aYNz zYmokrysI (sMsd) rwK idwqf igaf aqy ihMdusqfn dI QF smuwcf dwKxI eysLIaf ies dy iDafn df kyNdr bx igaf. ies df mksd sYkUlrijLm, mnuwKI aiDkfrF aqy smfjk iensfP dy afDfr AuWqy smuwcy dwKxI eysLIaf dy iKwqy ivwc amn aqy lokqMqr leI kMm krnf ho igaf. iehnF dohF sMsQFvF dy afgU aqy muwK kfmy vwjoN hrI sLrmf lgfqfr ihMdusqfn ivwc GwtigxqIaF aqy afidvfsIaF dy hwkF, Bfrq aqy pfiksqfn ivckfr amn, pfiksqfn ivwc aOrqF dy hwkF, ksLmIrI lokF dy mnuwKI aiDkfrF, sRI lMkf dy qfiml lokF ivruwD srkfr dIaF vDIkIaF, BUpfl gYs kFz dy pIVqF dy hwkF aqy vwzIaF bhu-kOmI kfrporysLnF aqy AuhnF dIaF afigafkfrI srkfrF vloN ihMdusqfnI lokF dIaF jLmInF aqy vsIilaF nUM hVpx dIaF koisLsLF ivruwD lgfqfr avfjL AuTfAuNdy rhy. afm lokF nUM iehnF msilaF bfry cyqn krn leI mIitMgF, sYmInfrF, kfnPrMsF, iPlm sLoaF afid df pRbMD krdy rhy.

dsMbr 2002 ivwc gujrfq ivwc muslmfnF ivruwD XojnfbwD qrIky nfl kIqI geI ihMsf df hrI sLrmf ny purjLor KMzn kIqf. ies dy nqIjy vwjoN ihMdusqfn dI srkfr ny AuhnF nUM ihMdusqfn jfx leI vIjLf dyx qoN ienkfr kr idwqf. iek vfr iPr hrI sLrmf ihMdusqfnI srkfr dy ies pRqIkrm krn zr ky Juky nhIN sgoN AuhnF ny ies nUM iek isafsI mwudf bxf ky ihMdusqfnI srkfr dy gYr-jmUhrI ichry nUM nMgf krn leI vriqaf. bfad ivwc AuVIsf ivwc ihMdUqv qfkqF vwloN ikRscIan lokF AuWpr kIqy hmilaF ivruwD hrI sLrmf ny zwt ky avfjL AuTfeI. ihMdusqfn ivwc vwK vwK Gwt igxqIaF AuWpr lgfqfr hmilaF nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF hrI sLrmf ieh ivsLvfs krn lwgy ik ies smyN ihMdusqfn ivwc muwK lVfeI PfsLI qfkqF df ivroD krnf hY. nvMbr 2008 ivwc sMsd vloN ByjI iek eI myl ivwc AuhnF ies qrHF iliKaf sI:

ihMdusqfn bfry icMqf krn vfly lokF leI, mslf isrP ikRscIanF jF muslmfnF dy hwkF dI rfKI krnf hI nhIN, bysLwk ieh jLrUr krnI cfhIdI hY, sgoN PfsLI qfkqF dy Kqrnfk vfDy df ivroD krnf hY, ijhnF PfsLI qfkqF nUM ihMdusqfn dI qkrIbn hr isafsI pfrtI, ihMdusqfn dy vwzy srmfeydfrF aqy sfmrfjvfdIaF dI ihmfieq pRfpq hY. Auh sfry bhuq hI KulMm KwulHy qrIky nfl ihMdusqfn nUM iek “ihMdU rfsLtr” bxfAuyx dy afpxy pRojYkt AuWpr kMm kr rhy hn.

hrI sLrmf ihMdusqfn aqy pfiksqfn ivwc suKFvyN sMbMDF dy bhuq vwzy smrQk sn. iehnF dohF dysLF dy lokF ivckfr sdBfvnf aqy BfeIcfry df mfhOl pYdf krn leI Auh hmysLF Xqn krdy rihMdy sn. AuhnF df ivcfr sI ik iehnF dohF dysLF dy lok hI iehnF dysLF dy hukmrfnF nUM amn aqy sLFqI bxfey rwKx leI mjLbUr kr skdy sn. iehnF dohF dysLF dy lokF ivwckfr BrfqrI sMbMDF nUM mjLbUq krn leI aqy iehnF dysLF dy hukmrfnF qwk ieh sunyhf phuMcfAux leI ik Auh afpsI mwqBydF nUM sSFqI aqy gwlbfq nfl nijwTx vwl ruicq hox, Auh smyN smyN mIitMgF aqy sYmInfr krvfAuNdy rihMdy sn. dohF dysLF vwloN pRmfxU bMbF dy tYWst kIqy jfx bfad AuhnF ivckfr prmfxU hiQafrF dI dOV df Kqrf dyKidaF AuhnF ny akqUbr 1998 ivwc srI, ibRitsL kolMbIaf ivwc “inAUklIar tYrr ien dI iekfnmI afP skyristI (QuV dI afriQkqf ivwc pRmfxU dihsLq)” dy isrlyK hyT iek rojLf sYmInfr krvfieaf. ies sYmInfr ivwc pfiksqfn qoN mnuwKI aiDkfrF leI kMm krn vflI asmf jhFgIr aqy ihMdusqfn qoN pwqrkfr kuldIp neIar nUM bulfieaf igaf. ies hI smyN hrI sLrmf ny 23 akqUbr 1998 dy vYnkUvr sMn ivwc dohF dysLF ivckfr sLurU hoeI pRmfxU hiQafrF dI dOV bfry iek aflocnfqmk afrtIkl iliKaf. AuhnF iliKaf ik “pRmfxU bMb smUihk dihsLq dy hiQafr hn. ihMdusqfn aqy pfiksqfn dy hukmrfnF vwloN pRfpq kIqy ieh hiQafr AuWQy pihlF hI mOjUd dmnkfrI aqy POjI injfmF nUM hor mjLbUq krngy.” hrI sLrmf df ivcfr sI ik ihMdusqfn aqy pfiksqfn dIaF srkfrF nUM afpsI lVfeI df KihVf Cwz ky afpxy dysL dy lokF dIaF smwisafvF df hwl lwBx ivwc ruicq hoxf cfhIdf hY.
hrI sLrmf ny isrP dwKxI eysLIafeI iKwqy dy sLosLq lokF dIaF smwisafvF bfry hI kMm nhIN kIqf sgoN Auh dunIaf Br ivwc jLulm ivruwD sMGrsL krdy lokF nfl KVHdy rhy. Audfhrn leI Auh kYnyzf dy Pst nysLnjL lokF, PlsqnIaF, dwKxI aPrIkf dy kfly lokF aqy iPlpInI lokF dy GolF dI pUrI srgrmI nfl ihmfieq krdy rhy.

iek isafsI kfrkuMn hox dy nfl nfl hrI sLrmf sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk srgrmIaF ivwc vI srgrmI nfl ihwsf lYNdy sn. Auh ihMdI dy vDIaf khfxIkfr aqy iek inpuMn PotogrfPr sn. AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc pVHfeI leI afAux qoN pihlF AuhnF dIaF ikMnIaF hI khfxIaF ihMdI ivwc Cwp cuwkIaF sn aqy Auh iek cMgy khfxIkfr vjoN jfxy jFdy sn. iek lMmf arsf pihlF ilKIaF AuhnF dIaF khfxIaF awj vI ihMdI sfihq ivwc ijLMdf hn. Audfhrn leI sMn 2008 ivwc idwlI dy nYsLnl skUl afP zrfmf ny AuhnF dI khfxI vfpsI AuWpr afDfrq iek nftk iqafr kIqf aqy Kyizaf.

bysLwk hrI sLrmf koeI pRoPYsLnl PotogrfPr nhIN sn iPr vI AuhnF ny ihMdusqfn dy lokF dy jIvn aqy sMGrsL dIaF bhuq sfrIaF qsvIrF iKwcIaF. ieh qsvIrF kYnyzf ivwc keI pRdrsLnIaF ivwc idKfeIaF geIaF. hrI sLrmf PotogrfPI nUM smfj nUM smJx dy iek sfDn vjoN vrqdy sn. sMn 2000 ivwc afpxI PotogrfPI bfry ilKy iek afrtIkl - “sspYNizz ien tfeIm aYNz spys: slfeIsjL afP lfeIP” - ivwc Auh ilKdy hn:

myry aMdr smfj ivigafnI aqy PotogRfPr df jnm iek hI smyN hoieaf - cflI sfl pihlF. jvfnI smyN mYN sYNtrl srkfr dy kstmjL ivBfg ivwc Gwt qnKfh vflI nOkrI Cwz ky ihMdusqfn dy pyNzU ielfikaF ivwc GuMmx qur ipaf - afpxf dysL dyKx leI, ies nUM smJx leI. ijhVIaF cIjLF mYN afpxy nfl lY ky quiraf, AuhnF ivwc iek sI ssqf jfpfnI kYmrf (sLfied XfsLIkf), ijhVf ik mYnUM vwZI dy qOr `qy iek ieMportr ny idwqf sI, srkfrI dPqr ivwc AuhdI PfeIl awgy qorn leI. ieh 1958 dI gwl hY.

keI mhIinaF dy sPr bfad jdoN mYN vfps muiVaf qF myry Joly ivwc iKwcIaF hoeIaF PotoaF dIaF 120 rIlF sn aqy myry kol ihMdusqfn dI grIbI, jmfqI sMGrsLF, jLmInI sMbMDF, (lokF dI) ijLMdf rihx leI jwdojihd, aqy KusLIaF aqy svYmfn nfl BrI ijLMdgI bfry bhuq sfrI sUJ sI. vfps af ky mYN grYjUeyt skUl ivwc pVHn lwg ipaf aqy smfj ivigafnI dy qOr `qy iek ijLMdgI Br lMmy kYrIar dy rfh qur ipaf. pr kdy vI kYmry ny myrf sfQ nhIN Cwizaf. ipCly bqflI sflF dOrfn mYN smfjk jIvn dIaF hjLfrF tukVIaF nUM PiVaf hY. mYN kudrq aqy inrjIv vsqF dIaF PotoaF vI iKwcIaF hn. pr ieh lok hI hn, afpxy rojLfnf smfjk jIvn ivwc, ijhVy myrI muwK pRyrnf rhy hn.

smfj ivigafn vFg, PotogrfPI myry leI smfj nUM smJx, ies nUM irkfrz krn aqy ies bfry afpxI smJ bxfAux df iek sfDn rhI hY. ies ijwc krn vflI scfeI dy bfvjUd ik mYN PotogrfPI ivwc koeI rsmI isKlfeI nhIN leI, mYN KusL hF ik mYN ies nUM iek sLkqIsLflI sfDn vwjo asrdfiek ZMg nfl vrq sikaf hF.

akfdimk Kyqr ivwc AuhnF ny sMn 1973 ivwc kYQlIn go dy nfl imlky 469 sPy dI ikqfb “ieMpIrIailjLm aYNz rYvUlUsLn ien sfAUQ eysLIaf” sMpfdq kIqI. ies ikqfb ivwc dwKxI eysLIaf dy vwK vwK iKiqaF nfl sMbMDq buwDIjIvIaF, lyKkF, pwqrkfrF aqy ienklfbI pfrtIaF nfl sMbMDq lokF dIaF ilKqF sLfml hn. sMpfdkF anusfr bysLwk iehnF sfry lokF ivwc keI qrHF vwKryvyN hn pr Auh sfry smfjk smwisafvF nUM mfrksvfdI njLrIey nfl dyKdy hn aqy ienklfbI smfjk qbdIlI leI vcnbwD hn. ies ikqfb ivwc Cpy afpxy lyK ivwc hrI sLrmf ny ihMdusqfn ivwc hry ienklfb dI afmd aqy asrF df ivsLlysLx kIqf hY. AuhnF dy lyK df isrlyK hY: “dI grIn rYvUlUsLn ien ieMzIaf: pRIlUz tU rYWz vMn?” Bfv “Bfrq ivwc hrf ienklfb: lfl ienklfb dI BUimkf?”. ies lyK dy aKIr ivwc hry ienklfb `qy itwpxI kridaF AuhnF iliKaf sI, ik “jy iek pRqIk vwjoN kihxf hovy qF ikhf jf skdf hY ik pyNzU Bfrq dI mOjUdf siQqI iek hdvfxy vrgI hY - bfhroN hrf aqy aMdroN lfl. kI hdvfxf sV ky aKIr ivwc Pwt jfvygf, aqy sfrI lflI aMjfeI jfvygI jF ies nUM shI smyN kwt ilaf jfvygf, ieh gwl asrdfiek KwbI lIzrisLwp AuWqy inrBr krdI hY. pr ies dy afsfr ies smyN bhuqy afsLfjnk nhIN.”

1984-87 ivckfr Erl ihstrI dy iek pRojYkt aDIn AuhnF kYnyzf dy vIh ku moZI pMjfbI kYnyzIanF nfl ieMtrvIAUaF kIqIaF. ieh pMjfbI kYnyzIan 1912-1938 ivckfr kYnyzf afey sn. iehnF ivwc zf: zI pI pFzIaf, drsLn isMG kYnyzIan, rxjIq isMG hfl, kuldIp isMG bYNs vrgy jfxy pCfxy lokF nfl kIqIaF ieMtrvIAUaF sLfml hn. iehnF ieMtrvIAUaF dIaF 62 rIlF sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI dIaF afrkfeIvjL ivwc rwKIaF hoeIaF hn aqy hux izjLItlfeIjLz rUp ivwc afn lfeIn vI suxIaF jf skdIaF hn. hrI sLrmf vwloN kIqf ieh Auprflf kYnyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy ieiqhfs dI iek kImqI dsqfvyjL hY.

sMn 2005 ivwc kirtIkl eysLIan stwzIjL nfmI jrnl ny cIn bfry mfritn hfrt-lYNzsbrg aqy pfl brikwt dI ilKI ikqfb “cfeInf aqy sosLiljLm” bfry iek rfAuNz tybl krvfieaf. sMn 2007 ivwc ies rfAUNztybl ivwc pysL kIqy pyprF nUM ikqfbI rUp ivwc “kirtIkl prspYkitv afn cfeInf’jL ieknfimk trFsPrmysLn” nF aDIn Cfipaf igaf. ies ikqfb dI jfx pCfx ilKx dI ijLMmyvfrI hrI sLrmf nUM sONpI geI jo ik ies jrnl dy aYzItorIal borz dy mYNbr sn. ieh ikqfb ies smyN jo kuwJ cIn ivwc vfpiraf irhf hY Aus nUM smJx leI iek mhwqvpUrn aqy pVHnXog ikqfb hY. ies ikqfb dI jfx pCfx ivwc ijwQy hrI sLrmf ny rfAUNztybl ivwc Cpy pricaF AuWpr aihm itwpxIaF kIqIaF hn AuWQy iehnF pricaF ivwc CpI bihs nUM ivsqfr vI idwqf hY. AuhnF df ivcfr sI ik ies smyN cIn ivwc jo kuwJ vfpr irhf hY Auh ienklfb qoN bfad cIn aMdr pRoloqfrIaF dI izktytrisLwp aDIn cwldy rhy lMmy jmfqI sMGrsL df nqIjf hY ijs ivwc burjuafjLI iDr dI ijwq hoeI hY.

bysLwk hrI sLrmf iek vDIaf lyKk sn pr AuhnF ny afpxf bhuqf smF ilKx vwl nhIN lfieaf. AuhnF dy keI jfxU AuhnF nUM dubfrf ilKx vwl afAux leI ikhf krdy sn pr Auh ies pfsy vwl nhIN prqy. sLfied ies df swB qoN vwzf kfrn ieh sI ik Auh ivsLvfs krdy sn ik smfj ivwc qbdIlI ilafAux leI sfihq dy mukfbly isafsI jwdojihd dI BUimkf ijLafdf hY. sMn 1987 ivwc pMjfbI lyKk mMc vYnkUvr dI iek kfnPrMs ivwc bolidaF AuhnF ikhf sI:

[[[ ieh Brm sfnUM nhIN hoxf cfhIdf - keI vfr huMdf hY, hr lyKk nUM huMdf hY - ik asIN afpxI ilKq nfl smfj nUM bdl idaFgy. smfj df jo ZFcf hY, smfj dIaF jo kdrF kImqF hn Auh ilKq nfl bdl jfxgIaF. myry iKafl ivwc sfnUM sfiraF nUM ieh Brm huMdf hY. Coty jF vwzy rUp ivwc. lyKk jdoN qwk smfj dy aMdr aFqirk rUp nfl jo sMGrsL lokF dy cwl rhy hn, AuhnF sMGrsLF df ihwsf nhIN bxdf, AuhnF sMGrsLF ivwc sLfml nhIN huMdf aqy afpxI ies sLmUlIaq nUM afpxy drd aqy afpxI Bfvnf nfl pysL nhIN krdf AudoN qwk lyKk df koeI muwl nhIN rihMdf. qusIN ikMnf vI cMgf sfihq ilK lvo, Aus df muwl qF hI pvygf jy Auh lokF dy sMGrsL nfl juiVaf hovygf. [[[ sfQIE dosqo ieh hI kihxf sI ik sfihq nUM lok sMGrsLF qoN alwg krky jy asIN ieh socIey ik sfihq nfl smfj bdl jfvygf qF Auh hovygf nhIN. jdoN qwk smfj dy aMdr afm lokF nfl juVy hoey svflF aqy AuhnF nfl juVy hoey sMGrsLF nfl lyKk nhIN juVdf qF sfihq df muwl Gwt rih jFdf hY.

afpxy ies ivsLvfs sdkf hrI sLrmf ny ilKx dy mukfbly isafsI jQybMdk kMmF nUM qrjIh idwqI. Auh afpxI sfrI ijLMdgI smfj dy afm lokF dy msilaF aqy sMGrsLF nfl juVy rhy aqy pUrI iemfndfrI aqy idafnqdfrI nfl dunIaF Br ivwc brfbrI aqy iensfP dI jMg ivwc afpxf bxdf ihwsf pfAuNdy rhy. Auh hmysLF ies gwl AuWqy ivsLvfs krdy rhy ik mOjUdf smfj dI byiensfPI aqy lwut Kswut nUM mnuwKI aml nfl Kqm kIqf jf skdf hY. Auh afpxy jIvn ivwc hwk aqy swc dI lVfeI krn vfilaF dy sMgI-sfQI rhy aqy AuhnF dy qur jfx qoN bfad AuhnF dy sMGrsLmeI jIvn dI khfxI swc aqy hwk dI lVfeI lVn vfilaF dI sMgI sfQI bxI rhygI.

not: ieh sLrDFjlI lyK ilKx leI hrI sLrmf dy dyhFq qoN bfad AuhnF dy sfQIaF (icMn bYnrjI, hirMdr mfihl, rfj cOhfn, dXf vrmf, ivnod muBy, crn igwl) vloN jfrI kIqI sLrDFjlI, sfDU aqy suKvMq huMdl vwloN afpxI ikqfb “sMGrsL dy sO vrHy”(2000) ivwc iepfnf bfry ilKy ryKf icwqr, pMjfbI lyKk mMc vYnkUvr dI ikqfb “kYnyzIan pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcf” (1987), ipCly kuwJ sflF dOrfn hrI sLrmf vwloN sMsd dI eI-myl ilst nUM ByjIaF geIaF eI-mylF aqy aKbfrF aqy rsfilaF (nF ivwc idwqy gey hn) ivwc CpI smwgrI nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY.